[page 582:]

THE period from the death of Virginia, at the beginning of 1847, to the disappearance of Israfel himself in October, 1849, may be regarded, conveniently, as exhibiting three stages, i.e., a brief attempt at recuperation, and the staging of a literary come-back in 1847, under the care of Mrs. Clemm and Mrs. Shew, — which ended in failure and despair; the effort to find a refuge from self in two notable affairs with “Annie” and Helen Whitman in 1848, — also ending in despair and an attempt at suicide; the last Richmond period, lit by a brief gleam of the sunshine of old memories and the engagement to Mrs. Shelton, — followed swiftly by the end, at Baltimore in 1849.(789)

For some time after the death of Virginia, Poe was too ill to leave Fordham at all. Had it not been for both Mrs. Clemm and Mrs. Shew, it is morally certain he could not have survived. Nothing had appeared from his pen since the last of the Literati Papers in the October Godey's Lady's Book of 1846, except The Cask of Amontillado, probably written months before.(790)

Mrs. Shew now once more exerted herself, and was able to raise a purse of $100, to which General Scott — whose mind must have traveled back to a harum-scarum lad in Richmond at a ghost party years before, and to John Allan's handsome protégé at West Point — contributed, with some evidences of emotion, it is said.(356) Through Mrs. Shew, Dr. Valentine Mott had also been in Poe, and he and Dr. Francis saw him from time to There is considerable reason to suspect that it was the advice and warnings of this trained medical woman, and the two doctors that restrained Poe, and enabled him to recover in so far as he did.

Even the first intense period of grief was broken in upon by the coming to trial of the libel suit in February.(791) The money received, and doubtless too, the sense of final vindication and triumph over his enemies, recalled Poe somewhat from his nightmare of sorrows.(791) At the same [page 583:] time, he was further annoyed by the charges of plagiarism made in Philadelphia over the book on conchology.(792)

Mrs. Clemm, poor old “Muddie,” released from her long years of constant nursing of Virginia, now found herself with a new patient in Eddie. Nevertheless, she went out and bought some comfortable things. A new tea set, some carpets, and a lamp were the proceeds of the libel money. She and Eddie now had a few guests in to tea, and it was commented upon unfavorably that Mrs. Clemm took much pride in her new teapot, and that Eddie seemed fond of Mrs. Shew. To be sure Mrs. Shew had saved their lives — but then, “How could they forget poor, dead Virginia, so soon?”

In 1847 it was a great romantic advantage to be dead. Even the wailing harp of Israfel was not quite sufficient unto the woes with which it was so liberally furnished. Besides, in the notes from those strings, there had been detected a passionate, an almost lunar grief, that was not quite pretty. It was a little out of place in the drawing-rooms where the weeping willow, and the lilies, and violets were appreciated, — but not the tomb itself. Mr. C. C. Burr, however, was adequate to the occasion and insisted that this was what his friend Poe was doing.(793)

The age insisted upon it. Perhaps it was true. Mrs. Clemm tells us that Poe could not sleep; that the darkness and the lonely nights drove him frantic; and that she sat with him for hours with her hand on his forehead until, thinking him asleep, she would try to leave — only to hear him whisper, “Not yet, ‘Muddie,’ not yet.”

There was a rocky ledge overhung by maples near the house that he particularly haunted. And there was a walk along the aqueduct path that, to the northward, at High Bridge, suddenly seemed to leave the earth behind, leading out on to a succession of granite arches, where, in the daytime, one could then look out over a great sweep of landscape, filled with blowing woods, white villages, and meadows that rolled away northward into the highlands and islands about Pelham Bay; or sank away eastward into the far, shimmering mirror of the Sound, streaked by the trailing plumes of steamboats, and flecked with sails. Down in the little graveyard below him, Virginia slept in the borrowed tomb [page 584:] under the cypresses and pine trees. Out of the sea behind Long Island rose the moon.

Since childhood Poe had loved the stars, since the days of the at John Allan's house.(794) In the pages of innumerable he had carefully read the astronomical notes, and followed the news of the progress of that science as it was reported, decade by decade, in their columns.(795) And all this had led him to Laplace, and Newton, Dr. Nichol, obscure works on physics and mathematics, Kepler, and Boscovitck

As Poe paced the arches of the High Bridge through the spring and summer nights of the year A. D. 1847, the mysterious sleeping world seemed to be cut away from beneath his feet, while over his head marched flashing rank on rank “the armies of unalterable law.” He pondered upon it all, upon himself, and upon the place of man in the scheme of things, and he essayed to solve the mystery, which his own exalted ego whispered that he could solve. He could not bear to think that even God should elude him. There were two comments upon all this at Fordham — Ulalume and Eureka.(796) The poet's comment was strangled, but withal splendidly strangled by the “Magnificent Logician.”

In Ulalume, Poe, the poet, personified the constellations, reading into them an allegory of his soul's predicament. Once more, as in William Wilson, he saw his own double. It was Psyche, his soul, this time. Bound on the great adventure of life, he and Psyche wandered together in search of the beloved one, and came to the doors of a tomb.

There was a white, frosty starlight caught in these lines; a terror of the great caverns of space haunted by the beasts of the zodiac; an element of irresponsible cosmic will in the fatal hour marked by the star-dials; a titanic alley of cypress for a mystic adventure with his own soul in a demon landscape lit by the star- glimmering, miraculous crescent of the goddess of passion. [page 585:]

A fancy from Henry Hirst's trite verses had been transmitted, fay genius, into an imaginative figure, an allegory of enormous significance.(601) Virginia, the little invalid maid who had represented for Israfel the maiden-like and chaste love of Diana, had passed away. For her, his tears were hardly dry when he beheld rising into the skies of his life, triumphant over all the lion dens of misery, the crescent of Astarte, who represented physical passion:

And then a colloquy takes place between the poet and his own soul. A strange foreboding of love, of Astarte, has been discovered by his Psyche.

And then the alter ego “I,” passifies the soul, and kisses her out of her gloom, and conquers her scruples,

All the world knows the rest. “Tis the vault of thy lost Ulalume.” It was only last year, Poe cries, “On this very night df last year ... that I brought a dread burden down here.” Just Below him, in the misty lowlands among the trees, was the vault of Virginia.

In the few months that followed, the poet was to tempt his Psyche down the same vista at least three separate times. At the end, he inevitably found the same locked door of the tomb, until it opened for [page 586:] him alone. It was a species of despair that can only be expressed by the dirge-like name which he found written on the door. What it was in his nature that thus ended every love quest, whether it was the long frustration of his marriage, or a fear, even more deep-seated and abysmal, is a question that, if solvable, would go far to explain within him the conviction of tragedy and emotional disaster that rested upon him heavily for almost twenty years.

Thus the poet in him adventured with his soul and the stars. The mind of the man, now convinced of its great logical powers,(798) and under the necessity of so believing in itself, reached out even further into the abysses, and setting no bounds to its activities, beheld God breathing and inbreathing — through an endless succession of eternal cycles — atoms, and universes of stars. Eureka was written at Fordham. Let us descend from the aqueduct a moment into the cottage with Mrs. Clemm.

There is an enormous, an almost sardonic irony between the domestic scene, as described by Mrs. Clemm, and what was going on in the poet's mind. Eureka must have consumed a deal of coffee, and Mrs. Clemm would have been nearly walked to death. It was nothing less than the Eternal Spirit, brooding on the abyss and making it pregnant, streams of atoms rioting along the illimitable inane which now obsessed the poet's mind. Indeed, there is a close resemblance between Poe when he was pondering Eureka and “Lucretius,” maddened by the love philter, and the enormous visions he was no longer able to save from the confusion of insane dreams.(800) The parallel in many ways is a true one, even to the events which followed.

It was a strange thing, this prose poem, a compound of many tides of thought at the time. It was the sophistry which Poe was forced to introduce into its pages in order to try to fuse its imponderable but antagonistic elements, by which the work finally falls. What was meant [page 587:] to be a chemical solution of ideas is found in reality upon analyses to be only an emulsion, but let us grant the fact, cleverly even subtly mixed. The unity is purely mechanical and literary, but Eureka, despite the bitter criticisms which it has received, remains a creditable piece of dialectic. Philosophically it is an Alexandrine concoction, but with this exception — it is animated by the imagination of an abnormally detached and exalted mind.

One hears very little of, or from Poe during the Spring and Summer of 1847. The Home Journal, in March 13, carried his lines addressed to “M. L. S.” — Marie Louise Shew, — which are an expression of passionate gratitude to her for his preservation. Into those lines had already crept an attitude that was something more than gratitude, and a little less than love. Mrs. Shew had now been added to the pantheon of Poesque Angels in lines —

The next week Willis in the Home Journal inserted a notice announcing The Authors of America, In Prose and Verse, by Edgar A. Poe, as about to appear. This was evidently an advance puff for the projected anthology which never came out. Willis, from now on, printed and reprinted Poe's poems whenever he could in the Home Journal, and kept the legend of his genius alive by commendation and notices. He was, in short, a kindly disposed friend, inclined, and able to be a good press agent. Willis undoubtedly desired to encourage Poe out of the despondency that had fallen upon him. He liked Poe, understood the cause of his weaknesses, and admired his genius. The effect of this championing by Willis in the Home Journal had an important bearing upon the rapid growth of Poe's fame. It was a powerful help. Poe kept writing to Willis, from time to time, telling him of his plans, and Mrs. Clemm called upon him frequently. The large spirit of Nathaniel P. Willis understood, condoned, helped, and still admired.

March, 1847, also saw the publication of The Domain of Arnheim in the Columbian Magazine. This was a revamped version of The Landscape Garden, evidently worked over to be resalable. The retouches, as usual, were great improvements, and shadowed forth vaguely some of the Hudson's vistas, or what is perhaps Harlem river scenery near Fordham. “Arnheim” is certainly the poet's name for his domain of retreat, but applies more strictly to “A mass of semi-Gothic semi-Saracenic architecture” that appears at the end of the story. This story, together with its earlier version of The Landscape Garden, alluded to before, is therefore a compound of early Richmond days and the Fordham period.(185) In it is the glorification of hermitage.

And a hermit, Poe remained during the entire year of 1847. What [page 588:] few excursions he made into the world seem to have ended in disaster. He was then in such a delicate and precarious state of health that the least indulgence produced a state of collapse. Only while he remained at Fordham was he safe in Mrs. Clemm's care. We catch only a few glimpses of him in this sequestered existence.

Eureka and Ulalume, we know, were under way during this period. In the Summer, most of Poe's time seems to have been taken with gardening, enjoying country walks, and, probably, some boating (we hear in Arnheim about canoes). Poe was passing the time with “Muddie,” the caged birds, and with the still flourishing and fondly cherished Catarina. Mrs. Shew occasionally came out to call, and once there were some English writers and travelers, who were charmed by this pastoral presentation of the poet in his garden with his cat, his flowers, and his caged birds.(801)

About the beginning of August, 1847, Poe made a visit to Philadelphia, taking with him some articles to sell to Graham's. By August 10, 1847, be was back again at Fordham writing to someone connected with Graham's Magazine (probably Charles J. Peterson) from which it appears that —

As to the meaning of which, there can be little doubt. Poe, in his already dreadfully disorganized condition, had taken a drink. He was, he said, “exceeding ill — so much so that I had no hope except in getting home immediately.”(803) He received an advance of $10 from Mr. Graham, who was kindly in his reception. Poe already owed Mr. Graham about $50. Leaving two articles with the magazine, he now returned to Fordham. The first excursion, from the hermitage into the world of reality, had ended in swift, almost fatal disaster.

Poe's condition at this time, towards the end of 1847, is very difficult to justly apprehend. He seems to have been reduced to a quivering bundle of sensitive nerves by the privations preceding the great shock, for shock it was, of Virginia's death. From a medical diagnosis, upon which considerable faith may be put, only a few months later, it also appears that his heart was giving out, arid that he was suffering from something akin to lesion of the brain. The trip to Philadelphia seems to show that the slightest indulgence in alcohol was to court death.

He was also troubled by a growing platonic affection for Mrs. Shew, upon whom, next to Mrs. Clemm, he now relied for help and sympathy. There can be very little doubt that, from time to time at Fordham, he resorted to drugs, Rosalie Poe specifically mentions morphine. He had now arrived at that state of ego, wife the writing and completion of Eureka, in which, as he phrases it, “My whole nature revolts at the idea that there is any Being in the Universe superior to myself.” He states that he felt this feeling to be only natural in all men.(804) In Eureka he had, by his metaphysical-cosmic theories, succeeded, he thought, in identifying all life as being a part of God, and, from that, he doubtless derived considerable comfort. By the end of 1847 he was now, once more, preparing to appear in the world, and to startle men by the announcement of his “discoveries.” Through Willis, he arranged to deliver Eureka as a lecture.

In December, Ulalume appeared anonymously in the American Whig as The Raven had done. Following out precisely the same scheme of calling notice to it, Poe now wrote to Willis who reprinted it the following month in the Home Journal with an inspired query as to its author.(805) Some minor interest was evoked. With the beginning of the new year, another instalment of the Marginalia appeared in Graham's, and a biography of Poe, by P. P. Cooke, came out in Richmond in the Messenger. Cooke's article was entitled,

The article concluded with what was, probably, an inspired paragraph by Poe, complaining about the small number, and the confined choice of Wiley & Putnam's edition of his Tales. “A reader gathering his knowledge of Mr. Poe from this Wiley & Putnam issue would perceive nothing of the diversity and variety for which his works are remarkable.” A complete edition is thus hinted as being desirable.(806)

The lecture On the Cosmogony of the Universe, advertised to take place February 3, 1848, at the Society Library in New York, was to raise funds for the Stylus, now about to be resuscitated again to signs of life. In January, Poe had sent out the old prospectus again, with the added promise of articles on Literary America — a “faithful account of the literary productions, literary people, and literary affairs of the United States” — by the editor, of course. The Classical Department was announced as being in the hands of “the most distinguished of American scholars.” This was Professor Charles Anthon, Poe's acquaintance of years past.(791)

Poe's friend, Freeman Hunt of the Merchant's Magazine, to whom Poe's mail was sent, had raised money for his own publication by making a personal canvass through the country for subscribers. Poe now decided to follow his friend's scheme. In January he had written to G. W. Eveleth that his plan was to go through the South and West, and there try to get enough subscribers to be able to commence with a list of at least five hundred.(807) The lecture on the universe was to provide the necessary traveling funds. N. P. Willis did his best through the columns of the Home Journal to advertise the lecture, and to smooth the way for the Stylus.

But even the weather was opposed to the Stylus. The night of the lecture was cold and stormy, and the hall none too well heated. Some sixty odd persons assembled, and listened to a rapturous address of lyrical logic for about two hours and a half. Poe must have read to them nearly the whole text of Eureka, or most copious extracts. Despite the disadvantages of the occasion, and the difficulties of the theme, the personality and eloquence of the lecturer made a memorable impression upon many of the auditors.

Poe's natural abilities as an orator and actor came out strongly upon such occasions as this. He is said, by people who had seen him, to have resembled Edwin Booth in some of the gestures and attitudes he used, and in certain aspects of his countenance.(808) His voice was thrilling, and wonderfully modulated. It must be remembered that he came [page 591:] of actor parents, and seems to have markedly inherited their gifts. There was always about him the air of the stage, something startling, arresting and dramatic. He seemed, to many, like a great tragedian off-stage, yet forever in the pose of his part. In the lecture on Eureka, Poe became the high priest unveiling the mysteries of God and Nature. So convinced was he himself, that, while the play lasted, the audience remained spell-bound, going away impressed, only to wonder later what it was all about.

The reports in the papers were of course ludicrous. Poe was grieved, and enclosed abstracts of the lecture to his friends, “to eke out a chance of your understanding what I really did say: I add a loose summary of my propositions and results:”

For obvious reasons, in a biographical narrative, it is not possible to discuss Eureka here. It contains what is, at best, a highly and cleverly elaborated sophistry. There are irreconcilable inconsistencies of thought in its thesis, with misapplications and misapprehensions of the data of science, even at the time that it was written (1847). Its chief virtue resides, even now, in a certain grandeur of imagination, and a vast breadth of detached vision, almost lyrically expressed at times in magnificent cosmic analogies, A successful apology for it cannot be made, and there is no necessity for doing so, when the central figure of a [page 592:] biography is not projected with the bias of a prejudice which calls for heroic propaganda. In justice, however, it must be said that Eureka cannot be easily brushed aside. It is by no means a fit subject for the sallies of “rash bavin wits.” It must be remembered, in considering it in connection with Poe's life and the nature of his intellect, that the man was very ill, mentally and physically, when he wrote it. Despite that fact, it shows a certain logical ingenuity of no mean stamp, and a surprising scope and vigor as a synthesis of certain tendencies in early Nineteenth Century thought. Considerably more is to be learned from Eureka, even now, by pointing out and comprehending exactly where and why Poe was wrong, than by understanding why many of his contemporaries, who did not dare, nor fail so greatly, are so unimportantly right.(810)

One thing can be chronicled with certainty. The lecture on the universe did not provide sufficient cash to enable Poe to start on his mundane tour to solicit subscribers for the Stylus. Poe had hoped for three or four hundred in his audience. He had been forced to ask the Society Library to waive the payment in advance for the lecture hall, $15, and must, in the end, have come out of the affair with something less than $50, at best.(811) His enthusiasm for his theories was not a bit abashed by this, however. One catches a glimpse, about this time, of a man exalted. He now offered Eureka to George P. Putnam, lately of the firm which had published The Collected Tales, and The Poems, and, in an interview with the publisher, discovered his unbounded hopes and faith in the importance of the “discoveries” in Eureka by suggesting an edition of 50,000 at once. Mr. Putnam was patient and kindly. He divided the estimate of the enthusiastic and exalted author by 100, and published an edition of 500, which sold very slowly.

Eureka: A Prose Poem, By Edgar A. Poe, New York: Geo. P. Putnam, of late firm of “Wiley & Putnam,” 155 Broadway. MDXXXXLVIII, — a small book in board bindings published in March, 1848, was Poe's tenth published volume, the last of his lifetime. It was a 12mo of 143 pages. “With profound Respect” this work is dedicated to Alexander Von Humboldt. [page 593:]

After which follow 136 pages of text.

The returns from the book were small, and very slow to come in, so Poe now went ahead with plans to lecture elsewhere, i.e., at Lowell and Providence. The Lyceum idea was just getting under way. It had developed from the Sunday lecture. These were often delivered in the afternoon, and even in the evenings from pulpits. The inevitable opposition of the clergy to anything secular or interesting invading their sacrosant field, soon developed, and various societies were soon organized over the country that imported lecturers and people of note to the local circle of literati or cognescenti. New England, the East, the middle West, and a few places in the South took up the idea eagerly, and lecturers and propagandists of all kinds began to make the rounds of city, town, and village. Mrs. Oakes Smith was the first woman to appear publically ‘before circles of some prestige. Later on, these Lyceums were turned over to the slavery question and trouble ensued. In 1848, Poe was preparing a new lecture to raise money for the Stylus. Eureka proving not to be a popular subject, he now turned to his Philosophy of Composition and The Poetic Principle which Graham had bought in manuscript, and began to turn them to account on the platform. These lectures included the recitation of poetry, his own, and selected bits from others with which he was able to make an impression.

In February, 1848, there was a Valentine Party at Miss Lynch's which Poe did not attend, as he was now persona non grata to most of the literati. At this gathering some verses from Mrs. Helen Whitman addressed to The Raven were read. These later on paved the way to an important affair with the “Seeress of Providence.”

The rest of the Spring and Summer was taken up with the publication of Eureka, correspondence with Eveleth, and the disturbing vicissitudes of the friendship with Mrs. Shew. Of all the women with whom Poe was intimate during the latter years, Marie Louise Shew seems to have shown the most sterling essentials of a well-rounded vigorous personality. She was the daughter of a doctor, and, as has been previously [page 594:] noticed, herself a nurse with considerable medical education and experience, as well as the friend of physicians. This practical acquaintance, and familiarity with the essential physical verities of life endowed her with a genuine pity and humanity, and saved her from the quagmire of spiritualism and aesthetic sentimentality in which so many of the starry sisterhood wallowed. She understood Poe, although she did not read his poetry and stories, unless addressed to herself, and she sympathized with the difficulties of his temperament, and his physical infirmities. More than this, she brought him food and clothing in time of bitter need, and made her house a haven for him after the death of Virginia.

Poe, on his part, began by regarding her with respect and gratitude, and ended by allowing her sympathy to lead him into an utter dependency, worship, and affection which became so pronounced that Mrs. Shew was forced to end her ministrations and association. In the Spring of 1848, Poe was much at her house. After Virginia's death it was like a second home to him.

Mrs. Shew had permitted him to help, and gladly accepted his aid in furnishing her drawing-rooms. This he had done after the canons of taste announced in his Philosophy of Furniture.(534)

“The little country maiden” had also developed a classic common sense that read Mr. Poe, if she did not read his works, like a book. Poe was more than willing to be her “patient,” and under her tactful care and diagnosis. He regarded her, like all women who showed marked sympathy with

Lines, from Shelley, which he once pointed out as the truest characteristic of hopeless love that he knew. Israfel, it seems, could not think of [page 595:] any love but the “highest love,” i.e., a hopeless love, and was fond of harping on the theme both in ink and conversation.

The Shew house was close to a large New York church and there, after the death of Virginia, we hear of Poe's attending service with Mrs. Shew. He sang well, she remarked, in a fine “tenor” voice, and knew all the responses. His mind must have traveled back to the old Monumental Church at Richmond, with Frances Allan standing hand in hand with a child in long past, golden days. It is one of the few records known of Poe in church in manhood.(813) The sermon touched on a theme that reminded him of Virginia, and reduced him to despair.

Sometime later in the Spring of 1848, Poe paid a visit to Mrs. Shew's house which resulted in the writing of The Bells, next to The Raven, his most popular poem.(814)

Poe and Mrs. Shew retired to a little conservatory overlooking a garden, where they had tea. He complained to his hostess that he had to write a poem, but had no inspiration. Mrs. Shew, to help him, brought pen, ink, and paper, and; while they sat there, the sound of church bells filled the air, and fell almost like a blow of pain on Poe's hypersensitive ears and jangled nerves. He pushed the paper away saying, “I dislike the noise of bells to-night, I cannot write. I have no subject, I am exhausted.” Mrs. Shew then wrote on the paper, “The bells, the little, silver bells” — and Poe finished a stanza, again almost relapsing into a state of coma. Mrs. Shew then urged him again, beginning a second stanza with “The heavy iron bells.” Poe finished two more stanzas, heading them “by Mrs. M. L. Shew,” after which he was completely unable to proceed. After supper he was taken upstairs and put to bed, where he appears to have lapsed into a coma. Mrs. Shew called Dr. Francis in. The Doctor and Mrs. Shew sat by the bedside and noted his symptoms. The pulse was very weak and irregular, and caused the doctor to say, “He has heart disease, and will die early in life.” Mrs. Shew had previously noted the symptoms also. Both of them felt that Poe was nearly dying, and that he was close to the verge of insanity. He remained for the night, but did not seem to realize his danger. The end was indeed near.

During the remainder of 1848, and part of 1849, The Bells west though many revisions. Three versions of it are known before ‘it made its final public appearance in Sartain's Union Magazine for November, 1849, with the following notice:

This kind of revision was typical of Poe's method.

The poem, however, was not of such a sudden birth as Mrs. Shew imagined. It would be possible to show that the poet had long contemplated writing a poem on the subject. Chateaubriand's Géuie du Christianisme, a source from which Poe adapted a number of items, suggests a poem on the subject of bells. A clipping said to have been found in Poe's note-book from Poulson's Philadelphia American Daily Advertiser, an obscure sheet, supplied the following here closely paraphrased:

The inference is plain. It seems more truly the mark of a great creative mind that, out of such dross as this, Poe was able to seize the [page 597:] nugget of the word which most people suppose him to have coined. It was from such dry sources that the inspiration came, and not from the bottle.(816)

Mrs. Shew speaks of Poe's sleeping twelve hours after this collapse, and of his being taken home to Fordham by Dr. Francis — “the old man was odd but very skilful.” Poe was evidently close to exhaustion. One must regard him, now, as being so delicately over-strung that the slightest emotional stress produced results out of all proportion to the cause. He was now, beyond doubt, in a thoroughly abnormal condition, and subject to delirious spells, and hours of wandering out of which he emerged to remember nothing of what happened. At times his sleep resembled a coma. It seems to have been during the approach of one of these periods, when in a half-exhausted, sub-conscious state, that he produced the first draft of The Bells. It was finished and given an intellectual unity, from time to time, later on.(814)

On one occasion, Mrs. Shew says that Poe, in a half dreamlike state, told her of a trip he had made to Spain where he bad fought a duel, and had been nursed by a Scotch lady whose name he could not divulge. He showed Mrs. Shew a scar on his arm or shoulder which he said he had then received. From Spain, Poe went to Paris, where he said he wrote a novel that had later been brought out under Eugene Sue's name, etc., etc. This, of course, was a half delirious recital of mythical events that has tended to confuse some biographers who desired to lay stress on Poe's foreign experiences and background.(814)

Friendship with a man in this state was exceedingly difficult. Poe's dependence, and affection for Mrs. Shew alarmed a woman of her experienced and common sense type. She realized that it could not go on. At the same time, she plainly saw that he needed the care and affection that only an acknowledged member of his family circle could provide. She undoubtedly advised Poe to look about him, and to marry someone who could, at once, provide him the means of existence, and the care of a wife. Dr. Francis is said to have warned the poet that, unless he gave up all stimulants and excesses, the end was near. For a short time Poe seems to have heeded this, and to have restrained himself. Mrs. Shew now withdrew in a kindly, but firm way from further intercourse, realizing that she had done all that she could, and that any further intimacy would find her involved in the same kind of gossip which had driven Mrs. Osgood to Albany. In June, Poe received a letter from Mrs. Shew saying that her visits to Fordham, and his visits to her must cease.(817) It was kindly but explicit. A glimpse into Poe's state of mind, [page 598:] and the result of his platonic friendship with this fine woman who had saved his life, and who now refused to be compromised, may best be obtained by reading the poet's reply written from his retreat at Fordham:

Thus Mrs. Shew had departed, leaving her words of farewell ringing in his ears — and her advice. Feminine sympathy was now essential to Poe. He seems to have desired an angel rather than a woman, and he now deliberately set about to bring one home to his cottage whence both his good angels, Virginia and Marie Louise, had departed.

In the poetry of Helen Whitman, Poe thought that he detected that quality and temperament which was his necessity, and he now set about to find this kindred soul. Strangely enough, disastrously, in fact, across this spiritual chase, passed the vision of another woman whom he accidently met. It was Mrs. Annie Richmond. To these, to make emotional confusion thrice confounded, was shortly added the name of his boyhood love, Sarah Elmira Royster (Mrs. Shelton), — and, through it all, danced the ghost of a magazine striving to be born.

Never was so fast disintegrating a nature torn amid so many woes and loves. Behind it all was “Muddie,” patient, but ever hoping and urging, conniving, when necessary, in little harmless, but important subterfuges, to provide her dear Eddie with a wife who might bring him a competence, and the protection of a preserving love. “Muddie” was no longer his mother-in-law and aunt, but his mother in every act and thought. Mrs. David Poe had now been sleeping in her unmarked grave at St. Johns in Richmond for thirty-seven years. Her husband's sister had long taken her place;

It was during this last Summer at Fordham, in 1848, that Poe is said to have had a portrait painted by Charles Hine, a Connecticut artist. Poe is shown in a dressing gown, seated by his table with a bust of Pallas, some books, and a manuscript upon it. He is depressed and cynical, and bears the stamp of great suffering in the drawn lines of his face. The contrast between the right and left sides of the countenance is so startling as to defy description. Very little is known about the history of this picture which has but recently come to light.(821)

[[Footnotes]]

[The following footnotes appear at the bottom of page 582:]

789.  These divisions, of course, are purely convenient ones.

790.  Poe may have contributed about this time to the Literary World, contributions as yet untraced — see (Eveleth) correspondence, also Poe's reference to his file of this periodical to Mrs. Clemm from Richmond, September, 1849.

791.  See Poe to G. W. Eveleth, New York, March 11, 1847. Prof. James Southall Wilson's pamphlet of Poe — Eveleth Letters, page 14. Also see Chapter XXIII, pages 566.

[The following footnotes appear at the bottom of page 583:]

792.  Published in the Saturday Evening Post. See Poe to Eveleth, New York, February 16, 1847, Prof. James Southall Wilson's The Letters of Edgar A. Poe to George W. Eveleth Letters, Alumni Bulletin, University of Virginia, January, 1924, page 12. In this letter appears Poe's defence, quoted in this book from another source. See Chapter XIX, page 443. Also see note 532, also Chapter XXII, page 501, and note 608.

793.  Charles C. Burr was a friend of Poe in Philadelphia, See Chapter XXII, pages 649, 650, 651.

[The following footnote appears at the bottom of page 584:]

794.  See Chapter VII, page 107, also note 183.

795.  The North American: See Poe's Brother, George H. Doran Co., 1926. Even as early as 1827 the North American carried astronomical news typical of the “scientific” notes that interested Poe.

796.  The pronunciation of U-lalume as “Oolalume” is contrary to Poe's obvious fondness for the sound, “U” long (u), repeated often in such words as “Eulalie.” The “U” in Ulalume is like the “U” in Uranus, Urania, etc.

[The following footnote appears at the bottom of page 585:]

797.  In The Domain of Arnheim and Landor's Cottage will be found descriptions of the same landscape under mist, and mystery that these two lines symbolize.

[The following footnotes appear at the bottom of page 586:]

798.  See Poe's comparison, in a note in Eureka, of his logical process in the prose poem with the same in his detective stories.

799.  R. E. Shapley in a Philadelphia newspaper, quoted by Woodberry, 1900, vol. II, page 236.

800.  See Tennyson's Lucretius, — and De Rerum Natura, by Lucretius, for the references. Harrison also mentions this parallel.

[The following footnotes appear at the bottom of page 588:]

801.  The Englishmen speak of “rare tropical birds.” There was a bobolink, a parrot, and canaries.

802.  Home Life of Poe, S. A. Weiss, pages 150, 151. Mrs. Weiss constructed her accounts from various authentic recollections in this case. See note 777.

803.  This letter at the University of Virginia is minus an address, but was probably written to Peterson, the assistant editor of Graham's Magazine. Poe to ——, August 10, 1847, quoted by Harrison, vol. I, pages 270, 271, Life and Letters.

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804.  Eureka.

805.  Poe to Willis, Fordham, December 8 (1847).

806.  Poe to Cooke, New York, August 9, 1846. The notice had been arranged for the year before it appeared. Cooke's admiration for Poe continued.

[The following footnotes appear at the bottom of page 590:]

807.  Poe to Eveleth, January 4, 1848. Prof. James Southall Wilson's Poe-Eveleth Letters Pamphlet, page 19.

808.  Edward V. Valentine of Richmond to the author, July, 1925. Mr. Valentine made a bust of Edwin Booth, and also saw Poe.

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809.  Poe to Eveleth, New York, February 29, 1848.

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810.  A critique of Eureka has been left out of the text here as the bulk of an adequate discussion precludes its being included in a work of limited and biographical scope. There is no adequate discussion of Eureka extant An attempt to relate it with modem discoveries in physics and astro-physics would be valuable and interesting. Einstein, and recent experiments in the nature of electricity, the behavior of atoms, and cathode rays might be included in the discussion.

811.  Poe to H. D. Chapin, Fordham, January 17, 1848. Mrs. Shew aided Poe to get permission to use the Library hall. At this time, Poe also thought of seeing John Neal about delivering a lecture at Portland, Maine.

[The following footnote appears at the bottom of page 594:]

812.  Poe to Mrs. Shew, undated, “Sunday night,” — Spring of 1848. Harrison, Letter, vol. II., page 297, quotes.

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813.  Poe attended church with Mrs. Shelton in Richmond in 1849.

814.  Ingram: from a portion of Mrs. Shew's diary. Parts of this diary were read to the author by Prof. James Southall Wilson of the University of Virginia in July, 1925. Ingram gives only portions of the full account.

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815.  J. H. Whitty, Poems, notes on The Bells. The final draft of the poem was finished February 8, 1849, see Poe to Annie, same date, F. W. Thomas cherished manuscript copy of The Bells. Poe also told Thomas that Dickens’ Chimes was the final inspiration; from it comes the “high, high, higher up.” See Poe's remark on lines in The Valley of Unrest in the American Whig Review of April, 1845, etc., etc., etc. This poem has one of the longest and most intricate history of any of Poe's poems.

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816.  Also see Woodberry, 1909, pages 258, 259, for a similar version of the sources of the Bells.

817.  This is distinctly implied in Poe's reply.

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818.  These italics are here supplied as being prophetic, and as Poe's own comment on his need for feminine affection, and an indication of his precarious health. He lived only a little over a year after this letter.

[The following footnotes appear at the bottom of page 599:]

819.  Ingram, II, pages 157-159. Woodberry also quotes, 1909, vol. II. pages 261-264.

820.  Probably written later than the time order implied in the text indicates. Published in The Flags [[Flag]] of Our Union, Boston, July 7, 1849, under title of To My Mother.

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821.  Facts About Poe, Prof. James Southall Wilson. This is the most authentic test for the discussion of portraits of Poe. Hine also painted a portrait of Walt Whitman.