[page 1149, continued:]

THE THOUSAND-AND-SECOND TALE OF SCHEHERAZADE

This tale, in the tradition of the Arabian Nights, is one of Poe's most amusing stories. He was well aware that many of the discoveries of modern scholars and achievements of modern scientists put to shame the magic tales that delighted our ancestors. He commented on occasion that whereas doubt of what seemed extraordinary had long been fashionable, in his day the advanced thinker tended to believe, rather than to disbelieve, something told him.*

The story of Scheherazade is known to every reader, and is, as Poe told it, from the old sources. The author of The Thousand Nights and One Night is unnamed, his date is uncertain, his originality [page 1150:] is negligible. Again and again, he says, “I tell the tale as ’twas told to me.” For over a hundred years it has been clear that the stories exist in old manuscripts; and some were, at least in the last century, still told by professional storytellers in the bazaars of the East.

The stories were introduced into Europe in a French version by Antoine Galland, early in the eighteenth century, and were almost immediately translated into many other languages. An English translation from Galland's French was available by 1713.

In “Pinakidia,” number 27 (SLM, August 1836, p. 575), Poe quoted from James Montgomery's Lectures on Literature a query: “Who does not turn with absolute contempt from the rings and gems, and filters, and caves and genii of Eastern Tales as from the trinkets of a toyshop, and the trumpery of a raree-show?” — and replied to the question himself: “What man of genius but must answer ‘Not I’ ”†

The impulse to write this tale in an Arabian Nights framework almost certainly came from an article headed “Prairie and Mountain Life: The Petrified Forest” in the Saint Louis Weekly Reveille, November 18, 1844.‡ The article repeats the story of a simple Frenchman with a trading party, who ruined his hatchet trying to cut firewood from a petrified tree. A member of the party had been accustomed to entertain his comrades at the campfire by reading aloud from a copy of the Arabian Nights, and “the effect produced upon the Frenchman” by his own experience, and the similar experience of a companion, “was to make him believe, implicitly, in all the stories he had ever heard read before from the Arabian Nights. And nothing ever after could convince him that the flying palaces of Aladdin, the wonderful caverns and transcendent gardens, the abodes of the Genii, and the wonderful floral extravagance of the [page 1151:] fairies, was anything but most solemn truth, set down in a book.”

In Poe's tale, the oriental ruler's doubt of the factual probably comes from a piece headed “Oriental Incredulity,” copied from the Boston Traveller in the Philadelphia Saturday Evening Post, September 4, 1841. It reports that an Englishman told a Turk how swiftly trains ran between Manchester and Liverpool. The Turk said, “That's a lie.” The Englishman said he had seen it. “I don’t believe it a bit more for that,” answered the Turk, nothing daunted.

Poe gathered his factual wonders from many sources, but was helped to a number of items by Dr. Dionysius Lardner's Course of Lectures (New York, 1842). Poe satirized the lecturer in “Three Sundays in a Week,” and attacked him in “Marginalia,” number 38 (Democratic Review, November 1844, pp. 491-493), but found that his work had its uses for a writer of fiction.

The story was probably written very late in 1844, and sold almost immediately. Slight additions were made in each of the two later authorized publications.

THE THOUSAND-AND-SECOND TALE OF SCHEHERAZADE.   [C]

Having had occasion, lately, in the course of some Oriental investigations, to consult the Tellmenow Isitsöornot, a work which (like the Zohar of Simeon Jochaides){a} is scarcely known at all,(1) even in Europe, and which has never been quoted, to my knowledge, by any American — if we except, perhaps, the author of the “Curiosities [page 1152:] of American Literature;”(2) — having had occasion, I say, to turn over some pages of the first-mentioned very remarkable work, I was not a little astonished to discover that the literary world has hitherto been strangely in error respecting the fate of the vizier's daughter, Scheherazade, as that fate is depicted in the “Arabian Nights;” and that the dénouement{b} there given, if not altogether inaccurate, as far as it goes, is at least to blame in not having gone very much farther.

For full information on this interesting topic, I must refer the inquisitive reader to the “Isitsöornot” itself; but, in the mean time, I shall be pardoned for giving a summary of what I there discovered.

It will be remembered, that, in the usual version of the tales, a certain monarch, having good cause to be jealous of his queen, not only puts{c} her{d} to death, but makes a vow, by his beard and the prophet, to espouse each night the most beautiful maiden in his dominions, and the next morning to deliver her up to the executioner.

Having fulfilled this vow for many years to the letter, and with a religious punctuality and method that conferred great credit upon him as a man of devout feelings and excellent sense, he was interrupted one afternoon (no doubt at his prayers) by a visit from his grand vizier, to whose daughter, it appears, there had occurred an idea.

Her name was Scheherazade, and her idea was, that she would either redeem the land from the depopulating tax upon its beauty, or perish, after the approved fashion of all heroines, in the attempt.

Accordingly, and although we do not find it{e} to be leap-year, (which makes the sacrifice more meritorious,) she deputes her father, the grand vizier, to make an offer to the king of her hand. This hand the king eagerly accepts — (he had intended to take it at all events, and had put off the matter from day to day, only through fear of the vizier,) — but, in accepting it now, he gives all parties very distinctly to understand, that, grand vizier or no grand vizier, he has not the slightest design of giving up one iota of his vow or of [page 1153:] his privileges. When, therefore, the fair Scheherazade insisted upon marrying the king, and did actually marry him despite{f} her father's excellent advice not to do anything of the kind — when she would and did marry him, I say, will I nill I, it was with her beautiful black eyes as thoroughly open as the nature of the case would allow.

It seems, however, that this politic damsel (who had been reading Machiavelli, beyond doubt,) had a very ingenious little plot in her mind.(3) On the night of the wedding, she contrived, upon I forget what specious pretence,{g} to have her sister occupy a couch sufficiently near that of the royal pair to admit of easy conversation from bed to bed; and, a little before cock-crowing, she took care to awaken the good monarch, her husband, (who bore her none the worse will because he intended to wring her neck on the morrow,) — she managed to awaken{h} him, I say, (although, on account of a capital conscience and an easy digestion, he slept well,) by the profound interest of a story (about a rat and a black cat, I think,) which she was narrating (all in an under-tone, of course,) to her sister. When the day broke, it so happened that this history was not altogether finished, and that Scheherazade, in the nature of things, could not finish it just then, since it was high time for her to get up and be bowstrung — a thing very little more pleasant than hanging, only a trifle more genteel!{i}

The king's curiosity, however, prevailing, I am sorry to say, even over his sound religious principles, induced him for this once to postpone the fulfilment of his vow until next morning, for the purpose and with the hope of hearing that night how it fared in the end with the black cat (a black cat, I think it was)(4) and the rat.

The night having arrived, however, the lady Scheherazade not only put the finishing stroke to the black cat and the rat, (the rat was blue,) but before she well knew what she was about, found her self deep in the intricacies of a narration, having reference (if I am not altogether mistaken) to a pink horse (with green wings) that went, in a violent{j} manner, by clockwork, and was wound up with an indigo key. With this history the king was even more profoundly [page 1154:] interested than with the other — and, as the day broke before its conclusion, (notwithstanding all the queen's endeavors to get through with it in time for the bowstringing,) there was again no resource but to postpone that ceremony as before, for twenty-four hours. The next night there happened a similar accident with a similar result; and then the next{k} — and then again the next; so that, in the end, the good monarch, having been unavoidably deprived of all opportunity to keep his vow during a period of no less than one thousand and one nights, either forgets it altogether by the expiration of this time, or gets himself absolved of it in the regular way, or, (what is more probable) breaks it {ll}outright, as well as{ll} the head of his father confessor. At all events, Scheherazade, who, being lineally descended from Eve, fell heir, perhaps, to the whole seven baskets of talk, which the latter lady, we all know, picked up from under the trees in the garden of Eden;(5) Scheherazade, I say, finally triumphed, and the tariff upon beauty was repealed.

Now, this conclusion (which is that of the story as we have it upon record) is, no doubt, excessively proper and pleasant — but, alas! like a great many pleasant things, is more pleasant than true; and I am indebted altogether to the “Isitsöornot” for the means of correcting the error. “Le mieux,” says a French proverb, “est l’ennemi du bien,”(6) and, in mentioning that Scheherazade had inherited the seven baskets of talk, I should have added, that she put them out at compound interest until they amounted to seventy-seven.{m}

“My dear sister;” said she, on the thousand-and-second night, (I quote the language of the “Isitöornot” at this point, verbatim,) “my dear sister,” said she, “now that all this little difficulty about the bowstring has blown over, and that this odious tax is so happily repealed, I feel that I have been guilty of{n} great indiscretion in withholding from you and the king (who, I am sorry to say, snores — a thing{o} no gentleman would do,) the full conclusion of the history of Sinbad the sailor. This person went through numerous other and more interesting adventures than those which I related; [page 1155:] but the truth is, I felt sleepy on the particular night of their narration, and so was seduced into cutting them short — a grievous piece of misconduct, for which I only trust that Allah will forgive me. But even yet it is not too late to remedy my great neglect — and as soon as I have given the king a pinch or two in order to wake him up so far that he may stop making that horrible noise, I will forthwith entertain you (and him if he pleases) with the sequel of this very remarkable story.”

Hereupon the sister of Scheherazade, as I have it from the “Isitsöornot,” expressed no very particular intensity of gratification; but the king having been sufficiently pinched, at length ceased snoring, and finally said “Hum!” and then “Hoo!” when the queen understanding these words (which are no doubt{p} Arabic) to signify that he was all attention, and would do his best not to snore any more — the queen, I say, having arranged these matters to her satisfaction, re-entered thus, at once, into the history of Sinbad the sailor:

“ ‘At length, in my old age,’ (these are the words of Sinbad himself, as retailed by Scheherazade,) — ‘at length, in my old age, and after enjoying many years of tranquillity at home, I became once more possessed with a desire of visiting foreign countries; and one day, without acquainting any of my family with my design, I packed up some bundles of such merchandise as was most precious and least bulky, and, engaging a porter to carry them, went with him down to the sea-shore, to await the arrival of any chance vessel that might convey me out of the kingdom into some region which I had not as yet explored.

“ ‘Having deposited the packages upon the sands, we sat down beneath some trees, and looked out into the ocean in the hope of perceiving a ship, but during several hours we saw none whatever. At length I fancied that I could hear a singular buzzing or humming sound — and the porter, after listening awhile, declared that he also could distinguish it. Presently it grew louder, and then still louder, so that we could have no doubt that the object which caused it was approaching us. At length, on the edge of the horizon, we discovered a black speck, which rapidly increased in size until we [page 1156:] made it out to be a vast monster, swimming with a great part of its body above the surface of the sea. It came towards us with inconceivable swiftness, throwing up huge waves of foam around its breast, and illuminating all that part of the sea through which it passed, with a long line of fire that extended far off into the distance.(7)

“ ‘As the thing drew near we saw it very distinctly. Its length was equal to that of three of the loftiest trees that grow, and it was as wide as the great hall of audience in your palace, O most sublime and munificent of the caliphs. Its body, which was unlike that of ordinary fishes, was as solid as a rock, and of a jetty blackness throughout all that portion of it which floated above the water, with the exception of a narrow blood-red streak that completely begirdled it. The belly, which floated beneath the surface, and of which we could get only a glimpse now and then as the monster rose and fell with the billows, was entirely covered with metallic scales, of a color like that of the moon in misty weather. The back was flat and nearly white, and from it there extended upwards of six{q} spines, about half the length of the whole body.

“ ‘This horrible creature had no mouth that we could perceive; but, as if to make up for this deficiency, it was provided with at least four score of eyes, that protruded from their sockets like those of the green dragon-fly, and were arranged all around the body in two rows, one above the other, and parallel to the blood-red streak, which seemed to answer the purpose of an eyebrow. Two or three of these dreadful eyes were much larger than the others, and had the appearance of solid gold.

“ ‘Although this beast approached us, as I have before said, with the greatest rapidity, it must have been moved altogether by necromancy — for it had neither fins like a fish nor web-feet like a duck, nor wings like the sea-shell which is blown along in the manner of a vessel;(8) nor yet did it writhe itself forward as do the eels. Its head and its tail were shaped precisely alike, only, not far from the latter, were two small holes that served for nostrils, and through which the monster puffed out its thick breath with prodigious violence, and with a shrieking, disagreeable noise. [page 1157:]

“ ‘Our terror at beholding this hideous thing was very great; but it was even surpassed by our astonishment, when, upon getting a nearer look, we perceived upon the creature's back a vast number of animals about the size and shape of men, and altogether much resembling them, except that they wore no garments (as men do,) being supplied (by nature, no doubt,) with an ugly, uncomfortable covering, a good deal like cloth, but fitting so tight to the skin, as to render the poor wretches laughably awkward, and put them apparently to severe pain. On the very tips of their heads were certain square-looking boxes, which, at first sight, I thought might have been intended to answer as turbans, but I soon discovered that they were excessively heavy and solid, and I therefore concluded they were contrivances designed, by their great weight, to keep the heads of the animals steady and safe upon their shoulders. Around the necks of the creatures were fastened black collars, (badges of servitude, no doubt,) such as we keep on our dogs, only much wider and infinitely stiffer — so that it was quite impossible for these poor victims to move their heads in any direction without moving the body at the same time; and thus they were doomed to perpetual contemplation of their noses — a view puggish and snubby in a wonderful if not positively in an awful degree.

“ ‘When the monster had nearly reached the shore where we stood, it suddenly pushed out one of its eyes to a great extent, and emitted from it a terrible flash of fire, accompanied by a dense cloud of smoke, and a noise that I can compare to nothing but thunder. As we smoke cleared away, we saw one of the odd man-animals standing near the head of the large beast with a trumpet in his hand, through which (putting it to his mouth) he presently addressed us in loud, harsh, and disagreeable accents, that, perhaps, we should have mistaken for language, had they not come altogether through the nose.

“ ‘Being thus evidently spoken to, I was at a loss how to reply, as I could in no manner understand what was said; and in this difficulty I turned to the porter, who was near swooning through affright, and demanded of him his opinion as to what species of monster it was, what it wanted, and what kind of creatures those were that so swarmed upon its back. To this the porter replied, as [page 1158:] well as he could for trepidation, that he had once before heard of this sea-beast; that it was a cruel demon, with bowels of sulphur and blood of fire, created by evil genii as the means of inflicting misery upon mankind; that the things upon its back were vermin, such as sometimes infest cats and dogs, only a little larger and more savage; and that these vermin had their uses, however evil — for, through the torture they caused the beast by their nibblings and stingings, it was goaded into that degree of wrath which was requisite to make it roar and commit ill, and so fulfil the vengeful and malicious designs of the wicked genii.

“ ‘This account determined me to take to my heels, and, without once even looking behind me, I ran at full speed up into the hills, while the porter ran equally fast, although nearly in an opposite direction, so that, by these means, he finally made his escape with my bundles, of which I have no doubt{r} he took excellent care — although this is a point I cannot determine, as I do not remember that I ever beheld him again.

“ ‘For myself, I was so hotly pursued by a swarm of the men-vermin (who had come to the shore in boats) that I was very soon overtaken, bound hand and foot, and conveyed to the beast, which immediately swam out again into the middle of the sea.

“ ‘I now bitterly repented my folly in quitting{s} a comfortable home to peril my life in such adventures as this; but regret being useless, I made the best of my condition, and exerted myself to secure the good-will of the man-animal that owned the trumpet, and who appeared to exercise authority over its fellows. I succeeded so well in this endeavor that, in a few days, the creature bestowed upon me various tokens of its favor, and, in the end, even went to the trouble of teaching me the rudiments of what it was vain enough to denominate its language; so that, at length, I was enabled to converse with it readily, and came to make it comprehend the ardent desire I had of seeing the world.

“ ‘Washish squashish squeak, Sinbad, hey-diddle diddle, grunt unt grumble, hiss, fiss, whiss,’ said he to me, one day after dinner — but I beg a thousand pardons, I had forgotten that your majesty is not conversant with the dialect of the Cock-neighs,(9) (so the man-animals [page 1159:] were called; I presume because their language formed the connecting link between that of the horse and that of the rooster.) With your permission, I will translate. ‘Washish squashish,’ and so forth: — that is to say, ‘I am happy to find, my dear Sinbad, that you are really a very excellent fellow; we are now about doing a thing which is called circumnavigating the globe; and since you are so desirous of seeing the world, I will strain a point and give you a free passage upon the back of the beast.’ ”

When the Lady Scheherazade had proceeded thus far, relates the “Isitsöornot,” the king turned over from his left side to his right, and said —

“It is, in fact, very surprising, my dear queen, that you omitted, hitherto, these latter adventures of Sinbad. Do you know I think them exceedingly entertaining and strange?”

The king having thus expressed himself, we are told, the fair Scheherazade resumed her history in the following words: —

“Sinbad went on in this manner, with his narrative{t} — ‘I thanked the man-animal for its kindness, and soon found myself very much at home on the beast, which swam at a prodigious rate through the ocean; although the surface of the latter is, in that part of the world, by no means flat, but round like a pomegranate, so that we went — so to say — either up hill or down hill all the time.’ ”

“That, I think, was very singular,” interrupted the king.

“Nevertheless, it is quite true,” replied Scheherazade.

“I have my doubts,” rejoined the king; “but, pray, be so good as to go on with the story.”

“I will,” said the queen. “ ‘The beast,’ continued Sinbad,{u} ‘swam, as I have related, up hill and down hill, until, at length, we arrived at an island, many hundreds of miles in circumference, but which, nevertheless, had been built in the middle of the sea by a colony of little things like caterpillars.’ ”* (10)

“Hum!” said the king.

“ ‘Leaving this island,’ said Sinbad — (for Scheherazade, it must be understood, took no notice of her husband's ill-mannered ejaculation [page 1160:] — ‘leaving this island, we came to another where the forests were of solid stone, and so hard that they shivered to pieces the finest-tempered axes with which we endeavored to cut them down.’ ”† (11)

“Hum!” said the king, again; but Scheherazade, paying him no attention, continued in the language of Sinbad.

“ ‘Passing beyond this last island, we reached a country where there was a cave that ran to the{w} distance of thirty or forty miles within the bowels of the earth, and that contained a greater number of far more spacious and more magnificent palaces than are to be found in all Damascus and Bagdad. From the roofs of these palaces there hung myriads of gems, like diamonds, but larger than men; and in among the streets of towers and pyramids and temples, there [page 1161:] flowed immense rivers as black as ebony, and swarming with fish that had no eyes.’ ”‡ (12)

“Hum!” said the king.

“ ‘We then swam into a region of the sea where we found a lofty mountain, down whose sides there streamed torrents of melted metal, some of which were twelve miles wide and sixty miles long;§ (13) while from an abyss on the summit, issued so vast a quantity of ashes that the sun was entirely blotted out from the heavens,(14) and it became darker than the darkest midnight; so that when we were even at the distance of a hundred and fifty miles from the mountain, it was impossible to see the whitest object, however close we held it to our eyes.’ ”*

“Hum!” said the king.

“ ‘After quitting this coast, the beast continued his voyage until we met with a land in which the nature of things seemed{y} reversed — for we here saw a great lake, at the bottom of which, more than a hundred feet beneath the surface of the water, there flourished in full leaf a forest of tall and luxuriant trees.’ ”†

“Hoo!” said the king.

{zz}“ ‘Some hundred miles farther on brought us to a climate where the atmosphere was so dense as to sustain iron or steel, just as our own does feathers.’ ”‡ (15) [page 1162:]

“Fiddle de dee,” said the king.{zz}

“ ‘Proceeding still in the same direction, we presently arrived at the most magnificent region in the whole world. Through it there meandered a glorious river for several thousands of miles. This river was of unspeakable depth, and of a transparency richer than that of amber. It was from three to six miles in width; and its banks, which arose on either side to twelve hundred feet in perpendicular height, were crowned with ever-blossoming trees, and perpetual sweet-scented flowers, that made the whole territory one gorgeous garden; but the name of this luxuriant land was the kingdom{a} of Horror, and to enter it was inevitable death.’ ”§ (16)

“Humph!” said the king.

“ ‘We left this kingdom{b} in great haste, and, after some days, came to another, where we were astonished to perceive myriads of monstrous animals with horns resembling scythes upon their heads. These hideous beasts dig for themselves vast caverns in the soil, of a funnel shape, and line the sides of them with rocks, so disposed one upon the other that they fall instantly, when trodden upon by other animals; thus precipitating them into the monsters’ dens, where their blood is immediately sucked, and their carcasses afterwards hurled contemptuously out to an immense distance from the{c} caverns of death.’ ”* (17)

“Pooh!”{d} said the king.

“ ‘Continuing our progress, we perceived a district abounding with vegetables that grew not upon any soil, but in the air,† (18) There were others that sprang from the substance of other vegetables;‡ (19) others that derived their sustenance from the bodies of [page 1163:] living animals;§ (20) and then, again, there were others that glowed all over with intense fire;* {jj} others that moved from place to place at pleasure;† {jj} (21) and what is still more wonderful, we discovered flowers that lived and breathed and moved their limbs at will, and had, moreover, the detestable passion of mankind for enslaving other creatures, and confining them in horrid and solitary prisons until the fulfillment of appointed tasks.’ ”‡ (22)

“Pshaw!” said the king.

“ ‘Quitting this land, we soon arrived at another in which the bees and the birds are mathematicians of such genius and erudition, [page 1164:] that they give daily instructions in the science of geometry to the wise men of the empire. The king of the place having offered a reward for the solution of two very difficult problems, they were solved upon the spot — the one by the bees, and the other by the birds; but the king keeping their solutions a secret, it was only after the most profound researches and labor, and the writing of an infinity of big books, during a long series of years, that the men-mathematicians at length arrived at the identical solutions which had been given upon the spot by the bees and by the birds.’ ”§ (23)

“Oh my!” said the king.

“ ‘We had scarcely lost sight of this empire when we found ourselves close upon another, from whose shores there flew over our heads a flock of fowls a mile in breadth, and two hundred and forty miles long; so that, although they flew a mile during every minute, it required no less than four hours for the whole flock to pass over us — in which there were several millions of millions of fowls.’ ”* (24)

“Oh fy!” said the king.

“ ‘No sooner had we got rid of these birds, which occasioned us great annoyance, than we were terrified by the appearance of a fowl of another kind, and infinitely larger than even the rocs which I met in my former voyages; for it was bigger than the biggest of the domes upon your seraglio, oh, most Munificent of Caliphs. This [page 1165:] terrible fowl had no head that we could perceive, but was fashioned entirely of belly, which was of a prodigious fatness and roundness, of a soft looking substance, smooth, shining and striped with various colors. In its talons, the monster was bearing away to his{p} eyrie in the heavens, a house from which it had knocked off the roof, and in the interior of which we distinctly saw{q} human beings, who, beyond doubt, were in a state of frightful despair at the horrible fate which awaited them. We shouted with all our might, in the hope of frightening the bird into letting go of{r} its prey; but it merely gave a snort or puff, as if of rage, and then let fall upon our heads a heavy sack which proved to be filled with sand!’ ”{s} (25)

“Stuff!” said the king.

“ ‘It was just after this adventure that we encountered a continent of immense extent and of prodigious solidity, but which, nevertheless, was supported entirely upon the back of a sky-blue cow that had no fewer than four hundred horns.’ ”† (26)

“That, now, I believe,” said the king, “because I have read something of the kind before, in a book.”

“ ‘We passed immediately beneath this continent, (swimming in between the legs of the cow,) and, after some hours, found ourselves in a wonderful country indeed, which, I was informed by the man-animal, was his own native land, inhabited by things of his own species. This elevated the man-animal very much in my esteem; and in fact, I now began to feel ashamed of the contemptuous familiarity with which I had treated him; for I found that the man-animals in general were a nation of the most powerful magicians, who lived with worms in their brains,‡ (27) which, no doubt, served to stimulate them by their painful writhings and wrigglings to the most miraculous efforts of imagination.’ ”

“Nonsense!” said the king.

“ ‘Among the{u} magicians, were domesticated several animals of [page 1166:] very singular kinds; for example, there was a huge horse whose bones were iron and whose blood was boiling water. In place of corn, he had black stones for his usual food; and yet, in spite{v} of so hard a diet, he was so strong and swift that he would drag a load more weighty than the grandest temple in this city, at a rate surpassing that of the flight of most{w} birds.’ ”§ (28)

“Twattle!” said the king.

“ ‘I saw, also, among these people a hen without feathers, but bigger than a camel; instead of flesh and bone she had iron and brick; her blood, like that of the horse, (to whom, in fact, she was nearly related,) was boiling water; and like him she ate nothing but wood or black stones. This hen brought forth very frequently, a hundred chickens in the day; and, after birth, they took up their residence{y} for several weeks within the stomach of their mother.’ ”* (29)

“Fal lal!” said the king.

“ ‘One of this nation of mighty conjurors created a man out of brass and wood, and leather, and endowed him with such ingenuity that he would have beaten at chess, all the race of mankind with the exception of the great Caliph, Haroun Alraschid.† (30) Another of these magi constructed (of like material) a creature that put to shame even the genius of him who made it; for so great were its reasoning powers that, in a second, it performed calculations of so vast an extent that they would have required the united labor of fifty thousand fleshly{a} men for a year.‡ (31) But a still more wonderful conjuror fashioned for himself a mighty thing that was neither man nor beast, but which had brains of lead, intermixed with black matter like pitch, and fingers that it employed with such incredible speed and dexterity that it would have had no trouble in writing out twenty thousand copies of the Koran in an hour; and [page 1167:] this with so exquisite a precision, that in all the copies there should not be found one to vary from another by the breadth of the finest hair. This thing was of prodigious strength, so that it erected or overthrew the mightiest empires at a breath; but its powers were{b} exercised equally{c} for evil and for good.’ “(32)

“Ridiculous!” said the king.

“ ‘Among this nation of necromancers there was also one who had in his veins the blood of the salamanders; for he made no scruple of sitting down to smoke his chibouc in a red-hot oven until his dinner was thoroughly roasted upon its floor.§ (33) Another had the faculty of converting the common metals into gold, without even looking at them during the process.* (34) Another had such a{d} delicacy of touch that he made a wire so fine as to be invisible.† (35) Another had such quickness of perception that he counted all the separate motions of an elastic body, while it was springing backwards and forwards at the rate of nine hundred millions of times in a second.’ ”‡ (36)

“Absurd!” said the king.

“ ‘Another of these magicians, by means of a fluid that nobody ever yet saw, could make the corpses of his friends brandish their arms, kick out their legs, fight, or even get up and dance at his will.§ (37) Another had cultivated his voice to so great an extent that he could have made himself heard from one end of the earth to the other.* (38) {ee}Another had so long an arm that he could sit down in Damascus and indite a letter at Bagdad — or indeed at any distance whatsoever.† {ee} (39) Another commanded the lightning to come down to [page 1168:] him out of the heavens, and it came at his call; and served him for a plaything when it came.(40) Another took two loud sounds and out of them made a silence. Another constructed a deep darkness out of two brilliant lights.‡ (41) {gg}Another made ice in a red-hot furnace.§ {gg} (42) Another directed the sun to paint his portrait,{i} and the sun did.* (43) Another took this luminary with the moon and the planets, and having first weighed them with scrupulous accuracy, probed into their depths and found out the solidity of the substance of which they are made. But the whole nation is, indeed, of so surprising a necromantic ability, that not even their infants, nor their commonest cats and dogs have any difficulty in seeing objects that do not exist at all, or that for twenty millions of{j} years before the birth of the nation itself, had been blotted out from the face of creation.’ ”† (44) [page 1169:]

“Preposterous!” said the king.

“ ‘The wives and daughters of these incomparably great and wise magi,’ ” continued Scheherazade, without being in any manner disturbed by these frequent and most ungentlemanly interruptions on the part of her husband — “ ‘the wives and daughters of these eminent conjurors are every thing that is accomplished and refined; and would be every thing that is interesting and beautiful, but for an unhappy fatality that besets them, and from which not even the miraculous powers of their husbands and fathers has, hitherto, been adequate to save. Some fatalities come in certain shapes, and some in others — but this of which I speak, has come in the shape of a{o} crotchet.’ ”

“A what?” said the king.

“ ‘A crotchet,’ ” said Scheherazade. “ ‘One of the evil genii who are perpetually upon the watch to inflict ill, has put it into the heads of these accomplished ladies that the thing which we describe as personal beauty, consists altogether in the protuberance of the region which lies not very far below the small of the back. Perfection of loveliness, they say, is in the direct ratio of the extent of this hump. Having been long possessed of this idea, and bolsters being cheap in that country, the days have long gone by since it was possible to distinguish a woman from a dromedary — ’ ”(45)

“Stop!” said the king — “I can’t stand that, and I won’t. You have already given me a dreadful headache with your lies. The day, too, I perceive, is beginning to break. How long have we been married? — my{p} conscience is getting to be troublesome again. And then that dromedary touch — do you take me for a fool? Upon the whole, you might as well get up and be throttled.”

These words, as I learn from the Isitsöornot, both grieved and astonished Scheherazade; but, as she knew the king to be a man of scrupulous integrity, and quite unlikely to forfeit his word, she submitted [page 1170:] to her fate with a good grace. She derived, however, great consolation, (during the tightening of the bowstring,) from the reflection that much of the history remained still untold, and that the petulance of her brute of a husband had reaped for him a most righteous reward,(46) in depriving him of many inconceivable adventures.

[[Poe's Footnotes]]

[The following footnote appears near the bottom of page 1159:]

*  The coralites. [Poe's note]

[The following footnote appears near the bottom of page 1160:]

†  “One of the most remarkable natural curiosities in Texas is a petrified forest, near the head of Pasigono{u′} river. It consists of several hundred trees, in an erect position, all turned to stone. Some trees, now growing, are partly petrified. This is a startling fact for natural philosophers, and must cause them to modify the existing theory of petrifaction.” — Kennedy. [Poe's note]

{vv}This account, at first discredited, has since been corroborated by the discovery of a completely petrified forest, near the head waters of the Chayenne, or Chienne river, which has its source in the Black Hills of the rocky chain.

There is scarcely, perhaps, a spectacle on the surface of the globe more remarkable, either in a geological or picturesque point of view, than that presented by the petrified forest, near Cairo. The traveller, having passed the tombs of the caliphs, just beyond the gates of the city, proceeds to the southward, nearly at right angles to the road across the desert to Suez, and, after having travelled some ten miles up a low barren valley, covered with sand, gravel, and sea shells, fresh as if the tide had retired but yesterday, crosses a low range of sandhills, which has for some distance run parallel to his path. The scene now presented to him is beyond conception singular and desolate. A mass of fragments of trees, all converted into stone, and when struck by his horse's hoof ringing like cast iron, is seen to extend itself for miles and miles around him, in the form of a decayed and prostrate forest. The wood is of a dark brown hue, but retains its form in perfection, the pieces being from one to fifteen feet in length, and from half a foot to three feet in thickness, strewed so closely together, as far as the eye can reach, that an Egyptian donkey can scarcely thread its way through amongst them, and so natural that, were it in Scotland or Ireland, it might pass without remark for some enormous drained bog, on which the exhumed trees lay rotting in the sun. The roots and rudiments of the branches are, in many cases, nearly perfect, and in some the worm-holes eaten under the bark are readily recognisable. The most delicate of the sap vessels, and all the finer portions of the centre of the wood, are perfectly entire, and bear to be examined with the strongest magnifiers. The whole are so thoroughly silicified as to scratch glass and be capable of receiving the highest polish. — Asiatic Magazine.{vv} [Poe's note]

[The following footnotes appear at the bottom of page 1161:]

‡  The Mammoth Cave of Kentucky. [Poe's note]

§   In Iceland, 1783. [Poe's note]

*  During the eruption of Hecla in 1766, clouds of this kind produced such a degree of darkness that, at Glaumba, which is more than fifty leagues from the mountain, people could only find their way by groping. During the eruption of Vesuvius, in 1794, at Caserta, four leagues distant, people could only walk by the light of torches. On the first of May, 1812, a cloud of volcanic ashes and sand, coming from a volcano in the island of St. Vincent covered the whole of Barbadoes, spreading over it so intense a darkness{x} that, at mid-day, in the open air, one could not perceive the trees or other objects near him, or even a white handkerchief placed at the distance of six inches from the eye.” — Murray, p. 215, Phil. edit. [Poe's note]

†  “In the year 1790, in the Caraccas, during an earthquake, a portion of the granite soil sank and left a lake eight hundred yards in diameter, and from eighty to a hundred feet deep. It was a part of the forest of Aripao which sank, and the trees remained green for several months under the water.” — Murray, p. 221. [Poe's note]

‡  The hardest steel ever manufactured may, under the action of a blowpipe, be reduced to an impalpable powder, which will float readily in the atmospheric air. [Poe's note]

[The following footnotes appear near the bottom of page 1162:]

§  The region of the Niger, See Simmond's “Colonial Magazine.” [Poe's footnote]

*  The Myrmeleon — lion-ant. The term “monster” is equally applicable to small abnormal things and to great, while such epithets as “vast” are merely comparative. The cavern of the myrmelcon is vast in comparison with the hole of the common red ant. A grain of silex is, also, a “rock.” [Poe's note]

†  The Epidendron, Flos Aeris{e} of the family of the Orchideæ, grows with merely the surface of its roots attached to a tree or other object, from which it derives no nutriment — subsisting altogether upon air. [Poe's note]

‡  The Parasites, such as the wonderful Rafflesia Arnoldi.{f} [Poe's note]

[The following footnotes appear near the bottom of page 1163:]

§  Schouw advocates a class of plants that grow upon living animals — the Plantæ Epizoæ. Of this class are the Fuci and Algœ.

{gg}Mr. J. B. Williams, of Salem, Mass., presented the “National Institute,” with an insect from New Zealand, with the following description: — “ ‘The Hotte,’ a decided caterpillar, or worm, is found growing at the foot of the Rata tree, with a plant growing out of its head. This most peculiar and most extraordinary insect travels up both the Rata and Perriri{h} trees, and entering into the top, eats its way, perforating the trunk of the tree until it reaches the root, it then comes out of the root, and dies, or remains dormant, and the plant propagates out of its head; the body remains perfect and entire, of a harder substance than when alive. From this insect the natives make a coloring for tattooing.”{gg} [Poe's note]

*  In mines and natural caves we find a species of cryptogamous{i} fungus that emits an intense phosphorescence. [Poe's note]

†  The orchis, scabius and vallisneria.{k}

‡  “The corolla of this flower, (Aristolochia Clematitis) which is tubular, but terminating upwards in a ligulate limb, is inflated into a globular figure at the base. The tubular part is internally beset with stiff hairs, pointing downwards. The globular part contains the pistil, which consists merely of a germen and stigma, together with the surrounding stamens. But the stamens, being shorter than even the germen, cannot discharge the pollen so as to throw it upon the stigma, as the flower stands always upright till after impregnation. And hence, without some additional and peculiar aid, the pollen must necessarily fall down to the bottom of the flower. Now, the aid that nature has furnished in this case, is that of the Tipula{l} Pennicornis, a small insect, which, entering the tube of the corolla in quest of honey, descends to the bottom, and rummages{m} about till it becomes quite covered with pollen; but, not being able to force its way out again, owing to the downward position of the hairs, which converge to a point like the wires of a mouse-trap, and being somewhat impatient of its confinement, it brushes backwards and forwards, trying every corner, till, after repeatedly traversing the stigma, it covers it with pollen sufficient for its impregnation, in consequence of which the flower soon begins to droop, and the hairs to shrink to the side of the tube, effecting an easy passage for the escape of the insect.” — Rev. P. Keith — “System of Physiological Botany.” [Poe's note]

[The following footnotes appear near the bottom of page 1164:]

§  The bees — ever since bees were — have been constructing their cells with just such sides, in just such number, and at just such inclinations, as it has been demonstrated (in a problem involving the profoundest mathematical principles) are the very sides; in the very number, and at the very angles, which will afford the creatures the most room that is compatible with the greatest stability of structure.

During the latter part of the last century, the question arose among mathematicians — “to determine the best form that can be given to the sails of a windmill, according to their varying distances from the revolving vanes, and likewise from the centres of{n} revolution.” This is an excessively complex problem; for it is, in other words, to find the best possible position at an infinity of varied distances, and at an infinity of points on the arm. There were a thousand futile attempts to answer the query on the part of the most illustrious mathematicians; and when, at length, an undeniable solution was discovered, men found that the wings of a bird had given it with absolute precision, ever since the first bird had traversed the air.

*  He observed a flock of pigeons passing betwixt Frankfort and the Indiana territory, one mile at least in breadth; it took up four hours in passing; which, at the rate of one mile per minute, gives a length of 240 miles; and, supposing three pigeons to each square yard, gives 2,230,272,000 pigeons — “Travels in Canada and the United{o} States,” by Lieut. F. Hall. [Poe's note]

[The following footnotes appear near the bottom of page 1165:]

†  “The earth is upheld by a cow of a blue color, having horns four hundred in number.” — Sale's Koran. [Poe's note]

‡  “The Entozoa, or intestinal worms, have repeatedly been observed in the muscles, and in the cerebral substance{t} of men.” — See Wyatt's Physiology, p. 143. [Poe's note]

[The following footnotes appear at the bottom of page 1166:]

{xx}§ On the great Western Railway, between London and Exeter, a speed of 71 miles per hour has been attained. A train weighing 90 tons was whirled from Puddington to Didcot (53 miles,) in 51 minutes.{xx}

*  The Eccaleobion.{z}

†  Maelzel's Automaton Chess-player.

‡  Babbage's Calculating Machine.

[The following footnotes appear near the bottom of page 1167:]

§  Chabert, and, since him, a hundred others. [Poe's note]

*  The Electrotype. [Poe's note]

†  Wollaston made a platinum for the field of views in a telescope, a wire one eighteen-thousandth part of an inch in thickness. It could be seen only by means of the microscope. [Poe's note]

‡  Newton demonstrated that the retina beneath the influence of the violet ray of the spectrum, vibrated 900,000,000 of times in a second. [Poe's note]

§  The Voltaic pile. [Poe's note]

*  The Electro Telegraph transmits intelligence instantaneously — at least so far as regards any distance upon the earth. [Poe's note]

†  The Electro Telegraph Printing Apparatus. [Poe's note]

[The following footnotes appear near the bottom of page 1168:]

‡  Common experiments in Natural Philosophy. {ff}If two red rays from two luminous points be admitted into a dark chamber so as to fall on a white surface, and differ in their length by 0.0000258 of an inch, their intensity is doubled. So also if the difference in length be any whole-number multiple of that fraction. A multiple by 2 1/4, 3 1/4, &c., gives an intensity equal to one ray only; but a multiple by 2 1/2, 3 1/2, &c., gives the result of total darkness. In violet rays similar effects arise when the difference in length is 0.0000157 of an inch; and with all other rays the results are the same — the difference varying with a uniform increase from the violet to the red.

Analogous experiments in respect to sound produce analogous results.{ff}

§  Place a platina crucible over a spirit lamp, and keep it a red heat; pour in some sulphuric acid, which, though the most volatile of bodies at a common temperature, will be found to become completely fixed in a hot crucible, and not a drop evaporates — being surrounded by an atmosphere of its own, it does not, in fact, touch the sides. A few drops of water are now introduced, when the acid immediately coming in contact with the heated sides of the crucible, flies off in sulphurous acid vapor, and so rapid is its progress, that the caloric{h} of the water passes off with it, which falls a lump of ice to the bottom; by taking advantage of the moment before it is allowed to re-melt, it may be turned out a lump of ice from a red-hot vessel.

*  The Daguerreotype.

†  Although light travels 167,000{k} miles in a second, the distance of {ll}61 Cygni, (the only star whose distance is ascertained,){ll} is so inconceivably great, that its rays would require {mm}more than ten{mm} years to reach the earth. For stars beyond this, 20 — or even 1000 years — would be a moderate estimate. Thus, if they had been annihilated 20, or 1000 years ago, we might still see them to-day, by the light which started from their surfaces, 20 or 1000 years in the past time. That many which we see daily are really extinct, is not impossible — not even improbable. [page 1169:]

{nn}The elder Herschel maintains that the light of the faintest nebulæ seen through his great telescope, must have taken 3,000,000 years in reaching the earth. Some, made visible by Lord Ross’ instrument must, then, have required at least 20,000,000.{nn}

VARIANTS

[The following variant appears at the bottom of page 1151:]

a  Ischaides) (A) misprint

[The following variants appear at the bottom of page 1152:]

b  denouement (A); dénoument (B); denouément (C)

c  put (A)

d  her immediately (A)

e  it stated (A)

[The following variants appear at the bottom of page 1153:]

f  in despite of (A)

g  pretence, (B) misprint

h  awake (A)

i  genteel. (A, B)

j  violet (A, B) misprint

[The following variants appear at the bottom of page 1154:]

k  next night (A)

ll ...  ll  outright with (A)

m  seventeen. (A)

n  of a (A)

o  thing that (A)

[The following variant appears at the bottom of page 1155:]

p  doubt capital (A)

[The following variant appears at the bottom of page 1156:]

q  of six / four (A); six (B)

[The following variants appear at the bottom of page 1158:]

r  doubt that (A)

s  quitiing (B) misprint

[The following variants appear at the bottom of page 1159:]

t  narrative to the caliph (A, B)

u  Sinbad to the caliph, (A, B)

[The following variants appear at the bottom of page 1160:]

u’  Pasigno (A, B, C) misprint

vv ...  vv  Omitted (A, B)

w  a (A)

[The following variants appear at the bottom of page 1161:]

x  darknesr (B) misprint

y  was altogether (A); seem (B) misprint

zz ...  zz  Omitted (A, B)

[The following variants appear at the bottom of page 1162:]

a  kindom (B) misprint

b  kindom (B) misprint

c  “the (B, C)

d  “Pish!” (A)

e  Acris, (A) misprint

f  Arnoldii, (A); Arnaldii, (B, C) misprint, corrected editorially

[The following variants appear at the bottom of page 1163:]

gg ...  gg  Omitted (A)

h  Puriri in OED

i  crytogamous (B) misprint

jj ...  jj  Omitted (A, B)

k  valisneria. (C) misprint, corrected editorially

l  Tiputa (B, C) misprint, corrected editorially from A

m  rumages (B) misprint

[The following variants appear at the bottom of page 1164:]

n  of the (C) emended from A and B

o  U. (A, B)

[The following variants appear at the bottom of page 1165:]

p  its (A)

q  saw several (A)

r  Omitted (A)

s  sand.’ ” (A, B)

t  substancee (B) misprint

u  these (A)

[The following variants appear at the bottom of page 1166:]

v  despite (A)

w  some (A)

xx ...  xx  Omitted (A, B)

y  residenco (B) misprint

z  Eccalobeion. (A, B, C) misprint, corrected editorially

a  fleshy (C) misprint, corrected from A, B

[The following variants appear at the bottom of page 1167:]

b  powers were / power was (A, B)

c  exercised equally / equally exercised (A)

d  Omitted (A, B)

ee ...  ee  Omitted (A)

[The following variants appear at the bottom of page 1168:]

ff ...  ff  Omitted (A, B)

gg ...  gg  Omitted (A)

h  chaloric (B) misprint

i  portraitt, (B) misprint

j  millions of / thousand (A, B)

k  200,000 (A, B)

ll ...  ll  what we suppose to be the nearest fixed star (Sirius) (A, B) [suppose not italicized in B]

mm ...  mm  at least three (A, B)

[The following variants appear at the bottom of page 1169:]

nn ...  nn  Omitted (A, B)

o  a horrible (A)

p  —— my / Besides, my (A)

[page 1170, continued:]

NOTES

Motto:  Compare Byron's Don Juan, XIV, CI, 1, and see Politian, V, 40; “How to Write a Blackwood Article” at n. 16; “A Tale of the Ragged Mountains,” and “Von Kempelen and His Discovery.”

1.  Unlike the Tellmenow Isitsöornot, the Zohar is a real work, mentioned as Poe describes it in the first edition of Irving's classic, A History of New York by Dietrich Knickerbocker (1809), Book IV, chapter 4, paragraph 12. Known since the last part of the thirteenth century, the Zohar is a collection of esoteric material long ascribed to a second century rabbi, Simeon ben Jochai (Jochiades); it is one source of the Kabbala.

2.  The “Curiosities” referred to was supplied by Griswold for an American edition of Isaac D’Israeli's Curiosities of Literature (1844) and is also mentioned in “The Angel of the Odd” at n. 3 and in Doings of Gotham, Letter VI.

3.  Compare Butler's couplet in Hudibras, I, i, 741-742: “There is a Machiavelian plot, / Tho’ ev’ry nare olfact it not” — used as the motto to “The Folio Club.”

4.  For other special mention of black cats, see “Instinct vs Reason,” “The Black Cat,” and “Desultory Notes on Cats.”

5.  Says the New-York Mirror, May 30, 1835, in an article captioned “The Ladies”: “The Rabbins ought to be ashamed of themselves for their scandalous libel, in saying that ten baskets of chatter were let down from heaven, and that the women appropriated nine of them.” The story is given in other forms in other periodicals of the time.

6.  “The better is the enemy of the good” is from one of the Contes Moreaux of Voltaire, written in 1772 (Beuchot edition, 1828), XVI, 407, “Dans ses écrits un sage Italian / Dit que le mieux est l’ennemi du bien.” Adolph Bowski, in the New York Times Book Review, August 21, 1921, says that “II meglio e l’inimico del bene” is an old Italian proverb.

7.  The monster described is a battleship propelled by steam and manned by sailors. The first steamship of the United States Navy to be driven by a screw propeller, the Princeton, was new in 1844. Despite subsequent worthy service, it is chiefly remembered as the scene of a gun explosion on February 28, 1844 that killed two cabinet officers.

8.  For another reference to the sea animal called the argonaut or paper nautilus, see “Parody on Drake” and note (Mabbott, I, 301-302).

9.  Cockneys. The quotation, obviously, is meaningless gibberish. [page 1171:]

10.  A corallite is a fossil coral. Poe spoke of “the coral worm” in “Instinct vs Reason,” and of “the corralliferi” in “Julius Rodman.”

11.  This wonder is from the Weekly Reveille cited in the introduction. The first paragraph of Poe's footnote follows verbatim — ascription and all — the headnote to the article on “Prairie and Mountain Life.” The source is Chapter V of William Kennedy's Texas (London, 1841), I, 120, or p. 69 in the New York 1844 reprint.

The second paragraph of the long footnote was added in Griswold's edition, but came from the same article in the Reveille: “That the forest exists there, at the head of the Chayenne river, in the vicinity of the Black Hills, is as certain as that there are no stone trees around St. Louis, and very few wooden ones on the Platte.” The spelling today is Cheyenne.

The third paragraph, also added in Griswold's edition, came from the Asiatic Journal, 3 ser. III, 359, August, 1844 — a short article headed “Petrified Forest near Cairo.”

12.  The Mammoth Cave, known before 1800, was the subject of at least three books possibly known to Poe, which were published respectively by Nahum Ward in 1816; Edmund F. Lee in 1835, and Alexander Bullett in 1844.

13.  The lava flow of 1783 from the Laki fissure in Iceland is recognized as the greatest in recorded history. The note on Iceland and the subsequent notes on Hekla (in Iceland) and other volcanic explosions, and on the earthquake at Caracas in Venezuela, are from Hugh Murray's Encyclopaedia of Geography (1836), I, 215, 217, and 221.

14.  Compare “To M. L. Shew,” lines 3-4, “The blotting utterly from out high heaven / The sacred sun.”

15.  This item was added in Griswold's edition. Poe's source for powdered steel is undiscovered.

16.  Poe's source is a series of four articles by Richard Mouat in Simmond's Colonial Magazine, June-September 1844 (II, 138, 311, 416, and III, 115), called “A Narrative of the Niger Expedition.”

17.  See Thomas Wyatt's Synopsis of Natural History, p. 135. The lion-ant is also mentioned in Poe's “Instinct vs Reason,” and in “Julius Rodman,” Chapter III.

18.  See Patrick Keith's System of Physiological Botany (1816), II, 429, with credit to “Willdenow, Princ. Bot., 263.” The Epidendron is also mentioned in “How to Write a Blackwood Article” at n. 28, and in “Eleonora.” A specimen, which had an odor like vanilla, was exhibited at a meeting of the Horticultural Society described in an article reprinted in the Philadelphia Public Ledger, July 22, 1839 from the Baltimore Patriot. See Cornelia Varner, in the Journal of English and Germanic Philology, January 1933, p. 78.

19.  The Rafflesia Arnoldi is a giant parasitic plant, a blossom without stalk or leaves, measuring three feet across — the largest flower known. It was discovered in Sumatra in 1818.

20.  Joachim Frederik Schouw (1789-1852) was a Danish botanist, some of whose writings were translated into English. [page 1172:]

The National Institute, founded in 1840 at Washington, D.C., was a forerunner and urgent proponent of the Smithsonian Institution. Many of the communications it received were published in newspapers in Washington and elsewhere. John B. Williams of Salem was for a time United States consul at Auckland, New Zealand. His gift, in 1844, of the “Hotté, a remarkable insect or worm,” further described in words followed almost verbatim in Poe's note, is recorded in the third Bulletin of the Institute (1845), p. 369. Notes concerning a second gift from Williams appear in the fourth Bulletin (1846), pp. 483, 493, 506-507.

21.  This group was added in Griswold's edition. The orchis, or orchid, needs no comment. The scabius, or scabious, is any one of more than 70 species of the teasel family, supposedly remedial for scabies, or mange; some kinds are the Mourning Bride, the Horseweed, and the Daisy Fleabane. The “Valisnerian lotus” is mentioned in “Al Aaraaf,” I, 74; the correct spelling is Vallisneria.

22.  In the footnote, Poe quotes from Keith (cited in n. 18 above), vol. II, p. 354.

23.  Compare “Instinct vs Reason” on the perfect construction of the bees’ honeycomb.

24.  Tremendous flights of passenger pigeons darkening the sky were a familiar spectacle in the Middle West through much of the nineteenth century. The last survivor of the species died in the Cincinnati Zoo in 1914.

25.  The monster is a balloon with car, which discharges ballast.

26.  See also “Lionizing” for a “Grand Turk's” discussion of these legends. Poe's exact source is uncertain; it is not in the Koran itself.

27.  The reference should be to Wyatt's Synopsis of Natural History, p. 143. Poe refers to the Entozoa in an article in Alexander's Weekly Messenger, April 15, 1840, and in a review of Charles Lamb in the Broadway Journal, September 13, 1845. The scientist first observing the phenomenon was a Philadelphian, Professor John Morgan (1735-1789), who published “Of a Living Snake in a Living Horse's Eye” in the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (1787). Compare “the animalculae which infest the brain” in “The island of the Fay.”

28.  See the introductory note on the speed of trains.

29.  The Eccaleobion (a word formed from Greek, meaning “that which brings forth life”) was being demonstrated in New York in the summer of 1844. It had been shown in London some five years earlier. Cornelia Varner (cited in n. 18) printed a notice from the Philadelphia Public Ledger of May 23, 1839, which says: “A London paper states that a curious exhibition, under the name of ‘Eccaleobion,’ is about to be opened in Pall-Mall”; it may have been brought to America the same year. The Monthly Review (London), for November 1839, reviews and quotes from The Eccaleobion. A Treatise on Artificial Incubation. By William Bucknell. Published for the Author — a pamphlet describing “an exhibition that has been established in London and is in practical operation — viz. the hatching of chickens by artificial heat ... on a scale that might produce a hundred birds every day.” The New-York Tribune for May 23, 1844 (p. 3, col. 7) carried an advertisement under the heading “ECCALEOBION. — HATCHING EGGS BY [page 1173:] STEAM,” saying: “The proprietor of this wonderful invention ... is happy to announce the re-opening of the Exhibition at No. 285 Broadway, opposite Washington Hall, from 9 a.m. until sunset daily,” with some further words of praise. A brief statement of hours and prices — “Tickets 25 cts. Children 12 1/2 cts.” — was repeated almost daily for months. On June 10, the Tribune carried a paragraph (p. 2, col. 7):

N. P. Willis was impressed, and wrote some paragraphs in which he commented:

See his Complete Prose Works (1846), p. 676.

30.  The footnote was added in Griswold's edition. See Poe's essay on “Maelzel's Chess-Player” (SLM, April 1836), and a book on the subject by the Poe scholar, Henry Ridgely Evans, 1939. The machine's ability to defeat the redoubtable Haroun Alraschid is perhaps suggested by a story — repeated by Evans, p. 28 — that Maelzel's hidden player, William Schlumberger, took a hint not to checkmate the venerable Charles Carroll of Carrollton.

31.  Charles Babbage, professor of mathematics at Cambridge, wanted a machine to help him prepare tables of logarithms, and traveled about Europe studying mechanical processes. Discouraged by withdrawal of government aid, he had not finished his labors after eighteen years; but a machine to add, subtract, divide, and multiply was perfected, according to an article, ‘Difference Machines,” in the Edinburgh Review, July 1834. Poe, in his essay on “Maelzel's Chess-Player” refers to Babbage on the basis of statements he ascribes to Brewster's Letters on Natural Magic.

32.  The “thing” is, of course, the printing press, which was rapidly developed during the eighteen-thirties and forties through innovation after innovation by the Hoe Company of New York. Willis hailed “The Mirror Steam-Press” soon after its installation in the summer of 1844. See his Complete Works (1846), p. 725: “Now (thanks to Mr. Hoe), we have a steam-press, which puts up three fingers for a sheet of white paper, pulls it down into its bosom, gives it a squeeze that makes an impression, and then lays it into the palm of an iron hand which deposites it evenly on a heap — at the rate of two thousand an hour!”

33.  Poe from here on takes many notes from Dionysius Lardner's Course of Lectures. The account of John Xavier Chabert is from page 25. In London, Chabert sat in an oven, but had protection between himself and the floor upon which he broiled a beefsteak. [page 1174:]

34.  “Electrotype” is defined by the Century Dictionary as “a copy in metal (precipitated by galvanic action, usually in the form of a thin sheet) of any engraved or molded surface.” Lardner (p. 36) touched on the process of electrotyping, then comparatively new. To Poe it seems to have suggested alchemy.

35.  William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828), English scientist who made many important contributions to chemistry, physics, and optics, discovered the means of making platinum available for industrial use. Lardner, p. 35, gave as Wollaston's estimate the figure Poe mentions. Poe referred to “Wollaston's wires” in “Marginalia,” number 129 (Godey's, August 1845, p. 50).

36.  Lardner (pp. 40-41) discussed vibrations of the retina, but Poe's figure is not mentioned there and may have been Poe's own calculation from other data.

37.  Lardner (pp. 11-12) discussed the Voltaic Pile, invented by and named for Count Alessandro Volta (1745-1827), which by chemical action between two dissimilar metals produced electricity like that produced by the Galvanic battery. See the effects of the Galvanic battery as described in “Loss of Breath,” “Premature Burial,” and “Some Words with a Mummy.”

38.  The practicality of Morse's telegraph was strikingly demonstrated by Morse's message transmitted from Washington to Baltimore on May 24, 1844.

39.  This item was added in the Broadway Journal text. Lardner, pp. 18-19, said that Morse had demonstrated an experimental instrument in 1837. He had 153 miles of wire when Brother Jonathan published an article on his experiments, October 28, 1843. He had indeed thought of a printing telegraph before he planned transmitting an audible signal.

40.  Franklin's kite?

41.  Two examples of waves canceling each other — a phenomenon described by Lardner on p. 40. The explanatory paragraph was added to the footnote in Griswold's edition.

42.  This item — added in the Broadway Journal — is taken practically verbatim from an article headed “Production of Ice in a Red Hot Crucible” in the Weekly Reveille, November 18, 1844, credited to a “Mining Journal.”

43.  The daguerreotype, invented by L. J. M. Daguerre of Paris, was first published in 1839. Poe was already much interested in daguerreotypes when he wrote about them in Alexander's Weekly Messenger of January 15 and May 6, 1840.

44.  Poe's very significant changes in text and footnotes revealed by the variants suggest the tremendous advances being made in the science of astronomy. He had clearly made use of Lardner's information in the first version of his tale, but in the final version, which may have been prepared in 1848 or 1849, he incorporated much more detailed, more accurate, and more awesomely impressive information, some of which he used also in Eureka, which he was writing in 1847

45.  For other comments on the absurdity of bustles, see “The Spectacles” and “Mellonta Tauta.”

46.  Compare “A righteous man's reward,” St. Matthew 10:41.

[[Footnotes]]

[The following footnote appears at the bottom of page 1149:]

*  This point is made in Poe's articles on the “Beet-root” (December 18, 1839) and “Credulity” (May 6, 1840) in Alexander's Weekly Messenger; both are reprinted in Clarence S. Brigham's paper on Poe's contributions to the Messenger, cited on p. 477 above.

[The following footnotes appear at the bottom of page 1150:]

†  Montgomery's lectures, delivered in 1830 and 1831, were often reprinted. Poe undoubtedly knew an earlier edition, but the sentence quoted may be found on p. 147 of Harper's edition, Lectures on General Literature, Poetry, &c (New York, 1838). The quotation is given again in “Marginalia,” number 19 (Democratic Review, November 1844, p. 487), with even more vigorous denunciation of James and Robert Montgomery. Poe's dislike of the brothers was frequently revealed.

‡  The Reveille was edited by Joseph M. Field, a friend of Poe's. The story synopsized here was reprinted in Simmond's Colonial Magazine, February 1845, about the time Poe's tale was published.