Text-01 — “The Raven” — late 1844 — [There are no known draft
manuscripts or scratch notes reflecting the original effort of composition. Many stories and recollections
claiming to be the true origin of this famous poem are unreliable. Poe appears to have given contradictory
statements that the poem was written over the course of 10 years, or a single feverish night of inspiration. There
are traces of some of the ideas of the poem in “Lenore,” including the name of the heroine, and its
early form of “A Pæan.” Poe's own essay on the writing of the poem, “The Philosophy of Composition,” is generally considered to be a mixture of truth and
extravagant posturing, at least partly intended as a hoax.]
Text-02a — “The Raven” — late 1844 — [Speculated faircopy
manuscript Poe prepared for publication. Although this manuscript has not survived, this version is presumably
recorded in Text-02b. Having completed the poem, Poe travelled from New York to Philadelphia, probably at the
end of 1844 or within the first two weeks of 1845. He originally attempted to sell the poem to his friend
George Rex Graham for publication in Graham's Magazine. Graham, however, not only declined the
poem but condemned it, a decision he would come to regret. Graham did collect $15 for Poe, but as charity
rather than the purchase price for the poem. In part to correct this mistake in turning down what became an
immediate sensation, Graham published Poe's essay “The Philosophy of Composition” in 1846, in
which Poe describes, somewhat imaginatively, the method by which he created the poem. When Poe returned to New
York, “The Raven” was then taken to George Hooker Colton, editor and founder of the newly
established American Review, who printed it in the second issue, having apparently bought the poem for
another $10 or $15. Cullen B. Colton states that all of the manuscripts for items published in the American
Review, other than the one of “Eulalie,” were “either lost or stolen,” further
stating that “The loss of the original ‘Raven’ manuscript is perhaps the greatest one in
American literature and it is very doubtful now whether it will ever turn up” (p. 328, n30). C. B.
Colton also notes that the price paid for “The Raven,” based on the authority of Isaac Cowles
Colton, was $10 (pp. 324-325). A competing, but perhaps suspicious, claim for ownership of the manuscript is
that recorded by S. A. Cuneo. According to Cuneo, Alexander McKelly claimed to have been a printer for the
American Review early in 1845, and later in the same year for Graham's Magazine.
Supposedly, McKelly set the poem in type, and kept the manuscript, but later sold it, some time after 1867,
with no further details being disclosed. McKelly's story is perhaps not entirely without merit as he
appears to have saved the manuscript of Poe's “System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether,”
which still survives. Mabbott is probably correct, however, in noting that McKelly may have remembered setting
the type for Poe's essay “The Philosophy of Composition,’ which included several quotations
from the poem and was printed in Graham's in 1846 (Mabbott, Poems, 1:364). A manuscript letter sold on eBay on March 29, 2020 seems to offer some
additional information on the topic. The letter was written by Francis Horace Teall (1850-1923) to Frederick
M. Hopkins. Hopkins was the editor of Current Literature. In this letter, dated October 5, 1894, Teall
claims that his father had read the original version of the poem, and that the manuscript was not kept.
Teall's father was Francis August Teall (1822-1894). One problem with the claim is that he says his
father remembered being at some pains to “get the indentation of the lines right.” In “The
Raven,” only the final line of each stanza is indented, so at least that part of the recollection must
be mistaken. Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography (1889, volume VI, p. 57) confirms that
the elder Teall worked as an editor of the American Whig Review, and that he was also the proof-reader
for the original printing of Poe's poem “The Bells.” That poem has very complicated
indentation, and, more than four decades later, the aging Teall may have confused the two poems.]
Text-02b — “The Raven” —
February 1845 — American Review — (Mabbott text A) — [There has been much debate
as to whether this version, or that of the Evening Mirror should enjoy the status of the first printing
of the poem. A full page notice inserted in early copies of the first number of the new magazine, bearing the
issue date of January 1845, notes that it was advertised to be available in September 1844, with the hope of
enouraging subscribers. That date was missed, and it instead appeared in October, with the notice as an
apology. The same notice states that although the second number would bear the date of February 1845, it would
be issued “early in January.” The notice was commonly removed when individual issues were bound
together as a volume, but several copies with the notice intact are known, including one in the Gimbel
Collection of the Philadelphia Free Public Library.]
Text-03a — “The Raven” — about late January 1845 — [This
entry is a speculated copy of the proof-sheets from the American Review, sent or handed directly to N.
P. Willis with the intent of obtaining a reprint that would identify Poe as the author. This copy seems to
have three minor verbal changes in the tenth and eleventh stanzas. Although this copy has not survived, it is
presumably reflected in Text-03b. Because the changes are minor, and Poe had direct access to the printing
process for the Mirror, Poe may have made these changes to proof pages at the Mirror, or during
the typesetting process.]
Text-03b — “The Raven” —
January 29, 1845 — Evening Mirror — (Mabbott text B) — [Poe was still employed
by the Mirror as a kind of sub-clerk. He joined the staff of the Broadway Journal about February
21, 1845.]
Text-04a — “The Raven” — about mid to late January 1845 —
[This entry is a speculated copy of the proof-sheets from the American Review, sent to J. A. Shea with
the intent of a reprint that would identify Poe as the author. Although Willis was first to rush the new poem
into print, the copy provided to Shea was probably the first Poe sent, and it apparently contained no changes,
at least initially. It lacked, for example, the change of “sublunary” to “living
human” in the ninth stanza, a change that appears in Text-05b and subsequent printings. The use of
“Startled” in place of “Wondering,” at the beginning of the eleventh stanza is present
in the text as it was finally printed, but only because Poe later requested it in a letter to Shea on February 3, 1845, as part of a more substantial
revision of the entire stanza, along with one additional change at the end of the prior stanza. Other than the
use of “Startled,” none of these changes were reflected in the texts that appear to have been
printed from Text-04. It is also the only one of these subsequent reprintings to repeat the earlier form of
“sublunary being” in the seventh stanza, which in all others Poe changed to “living human
being,” presumably a change made after he sent his copy to Shea, and one that he neglected to include in
his February 3 letter. While this reprint may have been initiated before that of the Evening Mirror,
the entry has been placed after that printing due to the subsequent application of changes and the slightly
delayed appearance in a public form.]
Text-04b — “The Raven” —
February 4, 1845 — New-York Daily Tribune — (Mabbott text E) — [This printing is
noted as “From the American Review for February,” although Poe is given as the author,
first acknowledged in the Evening Mirror. This version incorporates the changes Poe requested in his
February 3, 1845 letter to J. A. Shea.]
Text-05a — “The Raven” — about February 3, 1845 — [This
entry is a speculated copy of the proof-sheets from the American Review, provided to C. F. Briggs, of
the Broadway Journal, for which see Text-05b. This printing reflects most of the changes Poe made for
the Evening Mirror, the revised stanza sent to J. A. Shea and a change of the capitalization of
“Nepenthe” to “nepenthe” in the fourteenth stanza. It is clearly based on the
American Review printing, which has a strange typographical error in “lamp-light,”
properly hyphenated in the final stanza but not in the two instances in stanza thirteen. In the Evening
Mirror, all three instances are properly hyphenated, but the Broadway Journal identically repeats
the error of the American Review. Poe may have simply handed the poem to Briggs in person, since the
Broadway Journal was printed very near the offices of the Evening Mirror, and Poe already knew
him, having provided the long review of Miss Barrett's poems, printed in two parts in January 1845. The
1902 recollections of Alexander T. Crane, the office boy at
the Broadway Journal, stated that James E. Murdock read the “newly written poem” aloud
prior to its publication from “the manuscript,” which Poe “drew from his pocket.” The
detail is probably a slight error of memory as Poe would have been very unlikely to write out a fully new
manuscript when he had no need to do so. The poem was already set in clean and easily read type, and all of
the series of reprints are acknowledged as such. Another copy was mailed to B. B. Minor, for the Southern
Literary Messenger, for which see Text-06b. It is certainly possible that the base texts used for the
Evening Mirror, the Broadway Journal and ultimately for the Southern Literary Messenger
were all made on the same copy, but without ever correcting the hyphenation of “lamp-light,” which
remains even in RAOP. If so, Poe would have made the changes of “living human” for
“sublunary,” “Quaff, oh quaff” for “Let me quaff,” and
“Startled” for “Wondering” either directly on the sheet, or in proof during
typesetting the poem for the Evening Mirror. The last of these changes drew Poe's eye to other
weaknesses in the same stanza, which he continued to revise after the text in Evening Mirror was
printed, sending a transcription of the changes to Shea prior to the poem appearing in the columns of the
Tribune, but neglecting to mention the other two verbal changes, which had perhaps been made on proof
pages of the Evening Mirror and not initially transferred to the sheets from the American
Review. Because he dealt with Willis and Briggs in person, he did not have to worry about material being
sent and returned by mail, and could instead simply retrieve the page for further purposes. Before handing the
page to Briggs for the Broadway Journal, all of the changes were recorded, and “Nepenthe”
was also marked for being altered to lower case and, finally, once the text was set for the Broadway
Journal and Poe now had a new clean copy with all changes in place, he sent it to Minor for the
Southern Literary Messenger. This final printing uses lower case for only the second of the two
instances of “Nepenthe,” the other instance being left with an initial capital either due to an
error by the typesetter or because Poe's marking was unclear and he was not available in person to review
the text, as he was for the Broadway Journal.]
Text-05b — “The Raven” —
February 8, 1845 — Broadway Journal — (Mabbott text F) — [There are no markings
or changes made to this poem in the copy of the Broadway Journal that Poe gave to Mrs. S. H. Whitman in
1848.]
Text-06a — “The Raven” — Mid-February 1845 — [This entry
is a speculated copy of the Broadway Journal, with some minor corrections, sent to B. B. Minor for
publication in the Southern Literary Messenger.]
Text-06b — “The Raven” — March
1845 — Southern Literary Messenger — (Mabbott text C) — [Mabbott, technically,
lists this item out of the proper order as it would have been printed in mid-February at the earliest, and
certainly after February 5 as it incorporates material from the New York Express notice of that date of
the American Review for February, the notice being printed on that date. This error of sequence is now
corrected by placing it after the Broadway Journal printing. Poe appears to have requested the reprint
in the Messenger, sending a letter to B. B. Minor. The letter itself has not survived, but is mentioned
by Minor in his memoirs of the Messenger.]
Text-07a — “The Raven” — before April 1845 — [This entry
is a speculated revisoin marked on pages from the Broadway Journal sent to R. W. Griswold to be
included in a new edition of The Poets and Poetry of America, although such a new edition would not
appear in print until 1847.]
Text-07b — “The Raven” — about mid-April 1845 — [This
entry is of proof sheets of Poets and Poetry of America (8th edition). Poe mentions the proof sheets,
with his corrections, in an April 19, 1845 letter to Griswold.]
Text-07c — “The Raven” — May
29, 1847 — Poets and Poetry of America (8th edition) — (Mabbott text P) — [The
poem continued to appear in later editions, and all subsequent editions reprint this text, without
acknowledging Poe's later changes, although Griswold does adopt most of Poe's minor revisions for
WORKS.]
Text-08a — “The Raven” — about October 1845 — [This entry
is a speculated copy of the Broadway Journal, sent to E. A. Duyckink, with changes made in preparation
for RAOP. Although this copy has not survived, it is presumably reflected in text-08b. Further changes
may have been made by Poe to the proof-sheets during the typesetting process for RAOP. Although we have
no specific statement that Poe saw such proof-sheets, the idea seems eminently likely as the book was prepared
and printed in New York while Poe was still working at the Broadway Journal. He would certainly have
availed himself of the opportunity to do so, and because he could do everything in person there was no need
for correspondence that would have provided us with the certain documentation of the fact.]
Text-08b — “The Raven” — 1845
(issued about November 19, 1845) — RAOP — (Mabbott text J) — [The same pages,
printed from stereotype plates, were issued in London, with a modified title page to show the location and
date, 1845 in a few copies and 1846 in most.]
Text-09a — “The Raven” — probably early-mid 1846 — [This
entry is a speculated copy of RAOP with a few minor revisions, used in preparing Text-09b. This item
may be Text-10a in an early form, although most of the extensive changes ultimately made there are not
recorded in the Courier text.]
Text-09b — “The Raven” — July
25, 1846 — Saturday Courier (Philadelphia, PA) — (Mabbott text N) — [This
printing is probably inspired by publicity generated by Poe's essay “The Philosophy of
Composition,” printed in the April issue of Graham's Magazine. In referring to this printing
in 1849, the Courier states that “The copy we give was revised and handed to us by the author
himself.”]
Text-10a — “The Raven” —
1846-1848 [[1846-1849]] — RAOP-JLG (manuscript revisions in J. Lorimer Graham copy of
RAOP) — (Mabbott text S) — [The RAOP-JLG texts are usually dated for the range
1846-1849, but in the case of this poem, the changes must have been made prior to Text-10b. For
Griswold's 1850 printing of this text, see the entry under reprints, below.]
Text-10b — “The Raven” —
September 1848 — “Whitaker” manuscript — (Mabbott text R) — [Poe sent
the MS to Eli Bowen about the end of September 1848, apparently in reply to a request from Bown for his
friend, Dr. Whitaker. Bowen transmitted it to Dr. Samuel Adams Whitaker (1812-1868) on September 25, 1848. In
Dr. Whitaker's will, the manuscript was left to his son, Joseph Clifford Whitaker (1852-1921), who made
it available for examination to Mary E. Phillips. It was eventually sold at auction by Joseph's widow,
Edith Denney Whitaker (1859-1940). At the auction, it was purchased by Thomas F. Madigan, acting as an agent
for Col. Richard Gimbel. In 1974, after Gimbel's death, his collection entered the Free Library of
Philadelphia, where it currently resides. The manuscript includes the changes that had presumably already been
made in Text-16, and minor differences in punctuation or the use of italics may be presumed as being artifacts
of copying by hand. In a few instances, Poe introduces new errors, primarily in regard to the use of quotation
marks. One change that does not appear in the Whitaker MS is “fancy” for “sad soul” in
stanza 12. Poe errs in adding a second “t” to Whitaker's name in the inscription.]
Text-10c — “The Raven” —
September 25, 1849 — Semi-Weekly Examiner — (Mabbott text T — This is
Mabbott's copy-text) — (This revised reprint is generally accepted as the final authorized version
of the text. It begins with an introductory note by John M. Daniel. The text was evidently set from Text-10a.]
Manuscripts and Authorized Printings (excerpts):
“The Raven” — February 3, 1845 —
manuscript revision of lines 60-66 (in a letter to J. Augustus Shea) — (Mabbott text D)
“The Raven” — May 24, 1845
— lines 3-4 only (in a review of the poems of William Lord), Broadway Journal — (Mabbott
text G)
“The Raven” — late 1845 or 1846 —
manuscript revision of lines 103-108 — (Mabbott text K)
“The Raven” — April 1846 —
several stanzas, and a few isolated lines, quoted in “The Philosophy of Composition,”
Graham's — (Mabbott text M)
“The Raven” — January
1848 — Southern Literary Messenger (numerous lines quoted in an article by P. P. Cooke, originally
requested by Poe for his book on Literary America, which was not completed) — (Mabbott text Q)
Reprints:
“The Raven” — February 3, 1845 — New York Morning News
(Apparently reprinted from the Evening Mirror.) (First documented by Claude Richard, Studies in
Bibliography, 1968, p. 54, and noted in Poe Newsletter, October 1968, p. 30)
“The Raven” — February 4, 1845 — Pittsburgh Daily Post
(Pittsburgh, PA), vol. III, no. 127, p. 1, col. 6 (acknowledged as reprinted from the New York Mirror, with
the introductory note)
“The Raven” — February 8, 1845 — Weekly Mirror
“The Raven” — February 8, 1845 — New-York Weekly Tribune
“The Raven” — February 8, 1845 — New York Weekly News (Reprint
from the Morning News of February 3, 1845, itself reprinted from the Evening Mirror.) (First
documented by Tanselle, Studies in Bibliography, 1968, p. 220-223)
“The Raven” — February 8, 1845 — Alexandria Gazette and Virginia
Advertiser (Alexandria, VA), vol. XLV, no. 34, p. 1, cols. 4-5 (noted as reprinted from the American
Review for February, but with Poe's name in the byline)
“The Raven” — February 15, 1845 — Howard District Press
(Maryland)
“The Raven” — February 15, 1845 — Pennsylvania Inquirer and
National Gazette (Philadelphia) (not in H&C. First cited by Tanselle, 1963. Also noted in 1992
“The Poe Catalogue,” of the 19th Century Bookshop, p. 75. The poem appears there under the heading
“A Beautiful Poem.”)
“The Raven” — February 17, 1845 — Boston Post, Boston, MA
(noted by Kevin Hayes)
“The Raven” — February 17, 1845 — Arkansas State Gazette
(Little Rock, AK), vol. XXVI, no. 11 (whole no. 1311), p. 3, cols. 4-6 (acknowledged as reprinted from the New
York Evening Mirror, with the introductory note)
“The Raven” — February 21, 1845 — Liberator (issue p. 4,
volume p. 32) (Acknowledged as “[From the American Review for February.]” The introductory note quotes
the first sentece of the note from the American Review: “The following lines from a correspondent —
besides the deep quaint strain of the sentiment, and the curious introduction of some lucicrous touches amdist the
serious and impressive, as was doubtless intended by the author — appear to us one of the most felicitious
specimens of unique rhyming which have for some time met our eye.” Poe is noted as the author, which was
known by this time from the printing in the New York Evening Mirror.
“The Raven” — February 22, 1845 — New World
(acknowledged as “From the American Review for Feburary,” with the attribution as “By
Quarels.” (In the February 15, 1845 issue [p. 108], the New World favorably noticed the
American Review, commenting: “Edgar A. Poe, we believe under the ‘nom de plume’
of Quarles, gives a wild and shivery poem, which he calls the Raven. It is written in a Stanza unknown
before to gods, men, and booksellers, but it fills and delights the ear strangely with its wild and clashing
music. Everybody reads the Poem and praises it — justly we think, for it seems to us full of originality and
power.”)
“The Raven” — February 23, 1845 — Western Literary
Messenger, Buffalo, NY
“The Raven” — February 23, 1845 — Vermont Phoeniz,
Brattleboro, VT (reprinted from the American Review)
“The Raven” — March 3, 1845 — Exeter News-Letter and Rockingham
Advertiser (not in H&C. Noted for sale by a dealer on Oct. 9, 2008.) (Reprinted from the
Evening Mirror, including Willis's introductory note as a footnote, and attributed to the
“New Mirror.” The poem appears prominently on page 1, near the top of column 1)
“The Raven” — March 4, 1845 — St. Lawrence Republican,
Ogdensburgh, NY (noted by Kevin Hayes, 2004)
“The Raven” — March 7, 1845 — Schenectady Reflector
(Schenectady, NY), vol. XI, no. 10, p. 1, cols. 3-4 (reprinted from New York Mirror)
“The Raven” — March 15, 1845 — Carolina Watchman
(Salisbury, NC), vol. I (new series), no. 46, p. 4, across cols. 1-2 (complete reprint from the American
Review, including the introductory note, as by Quarles)
“The Raven” — March 20, 1845 — Rutland Herald (Rutland,
VT) (front page, acknowledged as reprinted from the American Review)
“The Raven” — March 21, 1845 — London Journal (not in H&C.
First cited by Tanselle, 1963)
“The Raven” — April 9, 1845 — the Cadiz Sentinel (Cadiz, OH),
vol. XII, no. 2, p. 1, cols. 3-4 (apparently reprinted from the American Review, or another reprint of that
text. Poe's name is given as the author)
“The Raven” — 1845 (published by April 19, 1845) — A Plain System
of Elocution, by G. Vandenhoff (second edition, New York) (Although this was an unauthorized reprint,
it is the first appearance of the poem in a book. Later editions do not include the poem. It may have been removed
by legal pressure.)
“The Raven” — May 8, 1845 — Indiana State Sentinel,
Indianapolis, IN (reprinted from the NY Mirror)
“The Raven” — June 6, 1845 — Massachusetts Temperance
Standard (not in H&C. Noted for sale by a dealer on Nov. 8, 2000.)
“The Raven” — June 14, 1845 —
Critic — This is essentially a reprint of Text-08 (Mabbott text H)
“The Raven” — June 28, 1845 — Birmingham Journal (Birmingham,
UK) (noted by Kevin Hayes, 2004)
“The Raven” — July 8, 1845 — Franklin Democrat (Greenfield,
MA), vol. VI, no. 12, front page (Poe's name is acknowledged, but not the source for the text)
“The Raven” — July 11, 1845 — Cork Examiner (Republic of
Ireland)
“The Raven” — July 26, 1845 — Littel's Living Age
“The Raven” — December 1845
— Literary Emporium — (Mabbott text L) (The subtitle of this journal is “A
Compendium of Religious Literary and Philosophical Knowledge”) (pp. 376-378, the very end of the issue. This
appearance is usually found as a bound volume, with no clear indication of the various issue months and often with
a title page bearing the imprint date of 1846, but H&C and Mabbott correctly identified the issue as December
1845. At least one copy in wrappers has been seen, but even then it was collected with pages that would have been
issued in previous months. (Although Mabbott considers this to be an authorized reprint, it resembles the printing
from the Broadway Journal rather than reflecting the recent changes made for RAOP. Had he authorized
or requested the reprint, Poe would presumably have provided the most recent version, with a number of notable
changes, rather than an earlier, inferior text. Because there is no clear designation of monthly issues in the
volume, the presumed date of December 1845 is based on the reprint appearing at the end of the volume for 1845,
although it appears that the remaining 5 issues were actually sent out in August 1845. The pages, including
“The Raven,” were reissued with a new title page in 1846, still as The Literary Emporium, but
now in book form, and again in book form about 1848 as The Pearl Offering. The later issue carries the
imprint of H. S. Samuels &. Co.)
“The Raven” — March 13, 1846 — Star and Republican Banner
(Gettysburg, PA), vol. XVI, no. 52, p. 1, cols. 1-2 (acknowledged as fron American Review, but with
Poe's name as author)
“The Raven” — May 1, 1846 — World of Fashion: Monthly Magazine of
the Courts of London and Paris, Fashions and Literature, Music, Fine Arts, the Opera and Theatres (London)
(This reprint was first noted by Douglas Lind, of Southern Illinois University, “An Early Unrecorded London
Variant of ‘The Raven’,” Poe Studies, 2010, 80-85.)
“The Raven” — September 2, 1846 — North-Carolina Standard
(Raleigh, NC), vol. XII, whole no. 617 , p. 1, cols. 1-2
“The Raven” — December 1846 — Ladies Wreath and Literary
Gatherer (Boston)
“The Raven”— 1848 — Literary Annual (This item is listed by
H&C, p. 116. The subtitle of this journal is “A Compendium of Religious Literary and Philosophical
Knowledge.” It may be a reprint of the Literary Emporium of 1845 noted above.)
“The Raven” — November 1, 1848 — Dollar Newspaper
“The Raven” — about November 1848 — Hartford Weekly Gazette
(This paper was edited by Rufus White Griswold — not to be confused with Rufus Wilmot Griswold, the person
who edited Poe's works in 1850 and wrote the malicious memoir of Poe. Poe mentions the reprint of the poem in
a November 26, 1848 letter to Sarah Helen Whitman.)
“The Raven” — May 26, 1849 — the Polynesian, Honolulu,
HI, p. 4, top of col. 1 (reprinted from the American Review, including the introductory note)
“The Raven” — June 1849 — Lawrence Messenger (MA) (noted by
Ljungquist. No copies of this item have been located, but the reprint is noted in the Lawrence Courier for
June 16, 1849.)
“The Raven” — September 12, 1849 — Oquawka Spectator (Printed
with the introductory note: “We publish on our first page, this week, one of the most remarkable poems ever
written. Mr. Poe has long held the rank of one of our very best poets, and The Raven is in his best style. We
bespeak for it a careful perusal. There will be found running through it, clothed in a robe of euphonious rhymes
and remarkably appropriate language, an Idea well worthy of the pen of its author — the never-dying
existence of the memory.”)
“The Raven” — October 9, 1849 — Evening Patriot (Baltimore, MD)
(part of an obituary to Poe)
“The Raven” — October 9, 1849 — Daily Advertiser (Newark, NJ)
“The Raven” — October 12, 1849 — Gazette (Alexandria, VA), vol.
50, no. 242, p. 1, cols. 6-7 (The text is reprinted without acknowledgement from the Richmond Semi-Weekly
Examiner. It begins with the note: “ ‘The Raven,’ on its first publication about
five years ago, excited a deep interest, and was copied far and near, at home and abroad. It is a rare effort of
the peculiar genius of the writer, and is one of the most remarkable and metrical poems ever written.”)
“The Raven” — October 12, 1849 — Enquirer (Richmond, VA)
“The Raven” — October 12, 1849 — Richmond Whig and Public
Examiner (Richmond, VA) (reprinting the obituary from the Evening Patriot)
“The Raven” — October 15, 1849 — Daily Republican (Richmond,
VA)
“The Raven” — October 17, 1849 — Scioto Journal (Chillicothe,
OH) (reprinted from some unspecified Eastern paper)
“The Raven” — October 17, 1849 — Louisville Daily Journal
(Louisville, KY) (only a few stanzas)
“The Raven” — October 21, 1849 — Mobile Daily Advertiser
(Mobile, AL)
“The Raven” — October 23, 1849 — Daily Chronicle and Sentinel
(Augusta, GA)
“The Raven” — October 24, 1849 — Pennsylvania Telegraph
(Harrisburg, PA)
“The Raven” — November 2, 1849 — True Whig (Mount Vernon, OH)
“The Raven” — November 3, 1849 —
M‘Makin's Model American Courier (formerly called the Saturday Courier) —
(Mabbott text U) (Short introductory notice titled “Poe's Great Poem,” followed by
“The Raven, by the Late Edgar Allan Poe.”) (This is a reprint of version “N”.)
“The Raven” — November 4, 1849 — Literary American (NY) (only 3
stanzas)
“The Raven” — November 14, 1849 — Corning Journal (Corning, NY)
“The Raven” — November 17, 1849 — Lincoln Courier (Lincolnton,
NC), vol. V, no. 34, p. 1, col. 1 (The headling is “Poe's Raven.” A brief introductory notes
says: “We comply with the general wish, and give place this week to ‘The Raven,’ a poem in which
Edgar A. Poe, recently deceased, displayed that peculiar imaginative style, so characteristic of all his writings.
It has not appeared very recently in any publication; but the copy from which this is taken was corrected by Poe
himself.”)
“The Raven” — November 20, 1849 — New Orleans Crescent (New
Orleans, LA), vol. II, no. 223, p. 1, col. 6 (The headling is “Poe's Raven.” A brief introductory
notes says: “The death of E. A. Poe has called forth numerous references to his various publications. Among
them, the singluar poem of ‘Rhe Raven’ is often mentioned; and as many of our readers may not have
seen it, we republish it below. It is a remarkable piece of composition — not so much for any merit of
conception as for the rythm and cadence.”)
“The Raven” — November 22, 1849 — Vincennes Gazette (Vincennes,
IN)
“The Raven” — November 28, 1849 — Lewisburg Chronicle, and the West
Branch Farmer (Lewisburg, PA) (vol. VI, no. 35, p. 1, col. 1)
“The Raven” — November 1849 — Southern Baptist (Charleston, SC)
“The Raven” — December 9, 1849 — Weekly Register (Mobile, AL)
“The Raven” — December 15, 1849 — Boston Weekly Museum and Literary
Portfolio, vol. 2, no. 27, p. 3, col. 1
“The Raven” — 1850 — WORKS
— Griswold prints the poem from RAOP, with most of Poe's corrections from RAOP-JLG
(Mabbott text W) (Griswold's typesetter retains some punctuation, ignoring Poe's changes, and
adds two new errors)
“The Raven” — 1850 — Thomas Powell, The Living Writers of
America, New York: Stringer and Townsend, 1850, pp. 128-131, omitting several stanzas)
“The Raven” — April 18, 1850 — Pennsylvanian Freeman (p. 4)
(this item is noted by George Monteiro, “Fugitive Reprints,” E. A. Poe Review, Fall 2010, p.
162.)
“The Raven” — November 12, 1850 — Pittsburgh Daily Post
(Pittsburgh, PA), vol. XII, whole no. 617 , p. 2, col. 4 (acknowledged as “written by the late Edgar A.
Poe”
“The Raven” — December 1, 1851 — Glasgow Herald (Glasgow,
Scotland), whole no. 5096, p. 6, col. 1 (printed as part of an article on December)
“The Raven” — 1851 — Parker's Fourth Reader (The poem is
lesson CLXXIV)
“The Raven” — July 15, 1852 — Megis County Telegraph (Pomeroy,
OH), vol. IV, no. 27, p. 1, cols. 1-2 (acknowledged as “By the Late Edgar Allan Poe.”)
“The Raven” — 1852 — The String of Diamonds, Gathered from Many
Mines, by “A Gem Fancier” (copyright is 1851. It also includes “The Bells,” and many
poems by other poets.)
“The Raven” — 1852 — Tales and Sketches: to which is added The
Raven: A Poem, London, George Routledge & Co., pp. 265-258
“The Raven” — 1852 — Tales of Mystery and Imagination and Humour;
and Poems, London: Henry Vizetelly (An undated edition appears about the same time, published by Charles H.
Clark and Samuel Orchart Beeton, and their name appears as publisher for the second series), first series pp.
232-237. (with a woodcut illustration)
“The Raven” — 1854 — Home Companion (London, UK), pp. 216-217
(with two illustrations, a large one also used elsewhere and a smaller illustration of a raven, at the end)
(specific issues of this magazine are not indicated in bound volumes)
“The Raven” — April 6, 1854 — Perry County Democrat (Blomfield,
PA), vol. 17, no. 47, p. 1, cols. 2-3
“The Raven” — 1856 — Cyclopedia of American Literature, New
York: Charles Scribner
“The Raven” — August 22, 1857 — Philadelphia Press (p. 4) (this
item is noted by George Monteiro, “Fugitive Reprints,” E. A. Poe Review, Fall 2010, p. 162.)
“The Raven” — September 1857 — The Orator
“The Raven” — October 9, 1857 — Freeport Daily Journal
(Freeport, IL), vol. II, no. 429, p. 2, cols. 3-4
“The Raven” — 1858 — Achievements of Americans, Cincinnati:
Henry Howe (along with “Annabel Lee”)
“The Raven” — 1858 — Poets of the Nineteenth Century (an
anthology edited by Poe's friend Evert A. Duyckinck. “The Raven” is one of Poe's
most-collected poems, appearing in hundreds of anthologies.)
“The Raven” — March 27, 1858 — Weekly Champion and Press (p. 4)
(this item is noted by George Monteiro, “Fugitive Reprints,” E. A. Poe Review, Fall 2010, p.
162.)
“The Raven” — April 9, 1858 — Daily Pantagraph (Bloomington,
IL), vol. II, whole no. 351, p. 2, cols. 3-4
“The Raven” — April 14, 1858 — Weekly Pantagraph (Bloomington,
IL), vol. XII, no. 19, p. 1, cols. 1-2
“The Raven” — 1859 — Lovell's Progressive Readers, No. 5,
New Haven: Peck, White and Peck (The subtitle reads: “A Class Book for the use of Advanced Pupils in
Public and Private Schools.” It is edited by John E. Lovell. The copyright date is also 1859, suggesting
that this was the first edition.)
“The Raven” — 1865 — Golden Leaves from the American Poets,
collected by John W. S. Hows, New York: Bunce and Huntington (This a common collection of popular poems includes
works by Poe, Emerson, Longfellow, J. R. Lowell, F. S. Key, Whittier, and others.)
“The Raven” — 1865 — a new year's greeting in the form of a 7
page booklet, on heavy card stock (printed for the Philadelphia Inquirer. It includes the illustration used
in several of the Widdleton editions of the Poems, although the illustration appears slightly different and may be
reversed.)
“The Raven” — March 31, 1866 — South Carolina Leader
(Charleston, SC), vol. I, no. 26, p. 1, cols. 3-4 (acknowledged as “By Edgar Allen [[Allan]] Poe.”)
“The Raven” — April 3, 1867 — Greene County Republican
(Waynesburg, PA), vol. X, no. 43, p. 1, cols. 1-2 (A brief introductory note says “We present our readers
this week with THE RAVEN written by Edgar Allen [[Allan]]
Poe. That strange character, in strange moods, has left us strange lines, and has journeyed away from the world.
Whether these lines may convey any moral or meaning, it matters but little, but one thing is certain, the theme is
wild and ghostly, and from the effect it has upon the reader, who can judge of the feelings of him who wrote them?
What a depth of weird fancy, nearly superhuman, must have been his!”)
“The Raven” — January 22, 1868 — Franklin Reporter
(Chambersburg, PA), vol. 75, Whole no. 3,836, p. 1, col. 4 (acknowledged as “By Edgar A. Poe.”) (it is
noted as having been reprinted “by request.”)
“The Raven” — February 9, 1870 — Tunkhannock Republican
(Tunkhannock, PA), vol. I, no. 28, p. 1, cols. 4-5 (with no acknowledgment of source or author.)
“The Raven” — May 1870 — Demorest's Monthly Magazine vol.
Vii, no. 5 (This printing features 10 pleasant but unremarkable vignette illustrations. Not surprisingly, the
narrator looks a great deal like Poe.)
“The Raven” — 1875
— The Works of Edgar Allan Poe, vol 3: Poems and Essays, ed. J. H. Ingram, Edinburgh: Adam and
Charles Black (3:1-5) (Ingram appears to follow Griswold's text, but drops the “s” from
“mortals.” It does not appear that Ingram was aware of the J. L. Graham copy of The Raven and Other
Poems with Poe's corrections.)
“The Raven” — 1877 — Biographical Sketches of Distinguished
Marylanders by Esmeralda Boyle, Baltimore: Kelly, Piet & Company (pp. 39-42) (the poem is the full
extent of any “sketch” of Poe. The byline for the poem as printed here reads “BY EDGAR ALLAN POE. OF BALTIMORE, MD.” A number of poems by other
Maryland poets are given throughout the book.)
“The Raven” — March 1, 1878 — Opelika Times (Opelika, AL), vol.
IV, no. 48, p. 1, cols. 3-4 (acknowledged as “By Edgar Allen [[Allan]] Poe.”)
“The Raven” — June 26, 1878 — Herald and Torch Light
(Hagerstown, MD), vol. LXV, no. 46, p. 1, col. 5 (acknowledged as “By Edgar Allan Poe” and reprinted
from the Baltimorean)
“The Raven” — 1884 — Readings from American Authors, Humorous and
Pathetic, edited by John A. Jennings, Dublin: Carson Brothers, pp. 95-98 (The miscellany includes three
items by Poe, two stories and one poen. The prices is noted as one shilling.)
“The Raven” — September 9, 1904 — Kansas City Star (p. 14)
(this item is noted by George Monteiro, “Fugitive Reprints,” E. A. Poe Review, Fall 2010, p.
162.)
“The Raven” — June 4, 1911 — Charlotte Observer (p. 19) (this
item is noted by George Monteiro, “Fugitive Reprints,” E. A. Poe Review, Fall 2010, p. 162.)
“The Raven” — May 2, 1920 — Macon Daily Telegraph (p. 6) (this
item is noted by George Monteiro, “Fugitive Reprints,” E. A. Poe Review, Fall 2010, p. 162.)
“The Raven” — August 30, 1921 — Charlotte Observer (p. 10)
(this item is noted by George Monteiro, “Fugitive Reprints,” E. A. Poe Review, Fall 2010, p.
162.)
and many others
Scholarly and Noteworthy Reprints:
“The Raven” — 1895
— The Works of Edgar Allan Poe, vol. 10: Poems, ed. E. C. Stedman and G. E. Woodberry (Chicago: Stone
and Kimball), 10:5-11 and 10:154-159
“The Raven” — 1897
— The Raven, The Fall of the House of Usher and Other Poems and Tales, ed. William P. Trent (Boston:
Houghton Mifflin Company), pp. 1-9
“The Raven” — 1902
— The Complete Works of Edgar Allan Poe, vol. 7: Poems, ed. J. A. Harrison (New York: T. Y. Crowell),
10:94-100 and 10:208-212
“The Raven” — 1911
— The Complete Poems of Edgar Allan Poe, ed. J. H. Whitty (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin
Co.), pp. 7-13 and pp. 192-199
“The Raven” — 1917
— The Poems of Edgar Allan Poe, ed. Killis Campbell (Boston: Ginn and Company), pp. 109-114 and pp.
246-259
“The Raven” — 1965 — The Poems of Edgar Allan Poe, ed. Floyd
Stovall (Charlottesville: The University Press of Virginia), pp. 95-99 and pp. 259-266
“The Raven” — 1969
— The Collected Works of Edgar Allan Poe, vol. 1: Poems, ed. T. O. Mabbott (Cambridge: Belknap Press
of Harvard University Press), 1:350-374
“The Raven” — 1984 — Edgar Allan Poe: Poetry and Tales, ed.
Patrick F. Quinn (New York: Library of America), pp. 81-86 (reprints Text-16)
“The Raven” — 2004 — The Selected Writings of Edgar Allan Poe,
ed. G. R. Thompson (New York: W. W. Norton & Co.), pp. 57-61
“The Raven” — 2015 — The Annotated Poe, ed. Kevin J. Hayes
(Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press), pp. 374-384
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Comparative and Study Texts:
Instream Comparative and Study Texts:
“The Raven” — Comparative
Text (American Review and Evening Mirror)
“The Raven” — Comparative
Text (American Review, letter to Shea with changes noted for part of the poem, and New York Tribune)
“The Raven” — Comparative
Text (American Review, Broadway Journal, and Southern Literary Messenger)
“The Raven” — Comparative
Text (Broadway Journal and RAOP)
“The Raven” — Comparative
Text (RAOP-JLG and Whittaker-MS)
“The Raven” — Comparative
Text (RAOP-JLG and Richmond Semi-Weekly Examiner)
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Associated Material and Special Versions:
Miscellaneous Texts and Related Items:
“Le Corbeau” — (French translation by Charles Baudelaire.)
“Der Rabe” — June 11, 1853 — “Literarische Symptome in den
Vereinigten Staaten,” Magazin für die Literatur des Auslandes, vol. 43, no. 70, p. 280
(German translation in an article by Elise von Hohenhausen, pp. 279-280)
“Der Rabe” — 1856 — Archiv für das Studium der neueren
Sprachen und Literaturen (Braunschweig: George Westermann, 1856), vol. 11, no. 19, pp. 185-187 (German
translation by Alexander Neidhardt)
“De Raaf” — 1860 — Holland: Almanak voor 1861 (Amsterdam: Gebr.
Kraay, 1860; edited and published by Mr. J. van Lennep) Holland (Dutch translation by Jacob van
Lennep (1802-1868). This version was reprinted in Van Lennep's Poëtische werken vol. XIII: Mengelpoëzy
vol. V, Den Haag, Leiden, and Arnhem: resp. Nijhof/Sijthoff/Thieme, posthumous edition, 1872, pp. 71-76.)
(This information was provided by René van Slooten, with some additional details by Ton Fafianie.
Apparently, French was widely spoken in the Netherlands and Baudelaire's translations were easily available.)
“Le Corbeau” — 1862 — Contes inédits d‘Edgard Poe,
Paris: J. Hetzel, pp. 293-301 (French translation by William Hughes) (a few stanzas reprinted by Ingram, The
Raven, with Literary and Historical Commentary, London: George Redway, 1885, pp. 41-42.)
“Der Rabe” — 1862 — Lieder und Balladenbuch amerikanischer und
englischer Dichter der Gegenwart, Hamburg: Hoffman and Campe, pp. 12-29 (translation by Adolf Strodtmann, a
few verses are reprinted by Ingram, The Raven, with Literary and Historical Commentary, London: George
Redway, 1885, pp. 72-73. Additional details provided to the Poe Society by Ton Fafianie, in an e-mail dated
October 11, 2018)
“Der Rabe” — [March] 1864 — Vier Amerikanische Gedichte,
Philadelphia: Frederick Leypoldt, pp. 6-25 (German translation by Charles Theodore Eben) (The four poems are
“Der Rabe”, “Die Glocken” and “Lenore” by Poe and “Die Rose” by J.
R. Lowell. All four poems are given in full in English and German. Some information in this entry was provided to
the Poe Society by Ton Fafianie, in an e-mail dated October 11, 2018.)
[“The Raven, in Latin”] — 1866 — Oxford and London (Latin
translation by Ludovicus Gidley and Robinson Thornton, from a volume of translations called
Fasciculus. The translation of “The Raven” is reprinted by Ingram, The Raven, with
Literary and Historical Commentary, London: George Redway, 1885, pp. 79-83.)
“Der Rabe” — 1869 — Der Rabe: Ein Gedicht von Edgar Allan Poe,
Philadelphia: Barclay and Co. (German translation by Charles Theodore Eben) (The pamphlet includes a brief memoir
of Poe's life, in German, as well as the full text of the poem, printed in English. This printing includes
four woodcut engravings by David Scattergood, originally executed in 1865. Eben's translation was reprinted
by Ingram, The Raven, with Literary and Historical Commentary, London: George Redway, 1885, pp. 60-65.)
(Some information for this entry was provided to the Poe Society by Ton Fafianie, in an e-mail dated October 21,
2018.)
“Le Corbeau” — 1869 — Conte Fantastique, Paris (French
translation by Eugène Goubert)
“A Hollo” — 1870 — Budapest (Hungarian Translation by Endrody, from
Nagy Szellemek [Great Men], edited by Thomas Szana, reprinted by Ingram, The Raven, with
Literary and Historical Commentary, London: George Redway, 1885, pp. 74-78.)
“Der Rabe” — 1874 — (German translation by Niclas Müller) (New
York, printed for N. M¨ller) (English and German texts are printed)
“Le Corbeau” — 1875 — French translation by Stèphane
Mallarmé, reprinted by Ingram, The Raven, with Literary and Historical Commentary, London: George
Redway, 1885, pp. 42-48.)
“[The Raven”] — 1878 — Vestnik Evropy, III (Russian translation
by Konstantin Balmont)
“Der Rabe” — February 28, 1880 — Magazine für die Literatur
des Auslandes) (German translation by Betty Jacobson, reprinted by Ingram, The Raven, with Literary
and Historical Commentary, London: George Redway, 1885, pp. 66-71.)
“De Raaf” — January 22, 1887 — De Nederlandsche Spectator, pp.
31-32 (Dutch translation by Johannes Filippus Malta)
“El Cuervo” — 1887 — New York: “La America” Publishing
Co) (Spanish translation by J. A. Perez Bonalde, with many illustrations)
“Der Krabb” — July 7, 1891 — Pennsylvania Dutch translation by Henry
Lee Fischer, 7 pages, printed in Mapleshade, York, PA) (copy sold by 19th Century Bookshop, 1992, item 510)
(The full text was reprinted in the Times and Dispatch (Reading, PA) about November 1891, part of which was
excerpted in American Notes and Queries, November 28, 1891, vol. VIII, p. 47. The full text was also
reprinted in The Pennsylvania-German, A Popular Magazine of Biography, History, Genealogy, Folklore,
Literature, Etc., Vol IX, no. 8, August 1908, pp. 373-375.)
“[The Raven]” — April 1919 — The Feather (New York) (Yiddish
translation) (The subtitle of the periodical is “A Monthly Journal Devoted to Literature, Art and
Critic[ism]” It was published by the Literary Collegues Group, for which “Aron Carlin” is noted
as the Literary Secretary. Everything other than the title page is in Yiddish. Aaron Carlin (1887-ca. 1945?) was a
noted Yiddish editor, poet and translator. It is possible that the translation was done by him.)
“The Raven” — Sept. 2, 1928 — a facsimile of the first 4 and last 3
stanzas of the 1848 manuscript, printed in the Philadelphia Record, p. 4 (The caption and article do not
make clear that the facsimile is only part of the manuscript.)
“The Hidden Hand” — 1942 — in this comedy-mystery movie, the main
character has a pet raven named “Mr. Poe.” The bird is poisoned fairly early in the film.
“De Raven” — October 1949 — De Tsjerne, vol. 4, no. 10, pp.
???-??? (Dokkum, Netherlands, published by J. Kamminga) (Frisian translation by D. A. Tamminga, reprinted in 1984
by Friese Pers Boekerij, Leewarden, Holland, in an English-Frisian bi-lingual edition) (This title provided
by René van Slooten)
“The Raven” — January 1959 — a facsimile of the full 1848 manuscript,
printed by Richard Gimbel “Exhibited for the first time at Yale University Library in honor of the 150th
birthday celebration of Edgar Allan Poe.”
“The Raven” — 1960 — a reading by Nelson Olmsted on The Raven:
Poems and Tales of Edgar Allan Poe, issued on the Vanguard label (VRS-9046, rereleased as VSD-32)
“The Raven” — September 1963 — Movie Classics (a comic-book
tie-in, published by Dell, to the API movie)
“Soul Music” — 1994 — in the sixteenth installment of his discworld
novels, author Terry Prachett (1948-2015) introduces the character of Quoth, a raven who very much does not want
to say the word “nevermore,” which he calls “the N word.” Quoth continued to appear in
subsequent novels in the series.
“The Raven” — 1999 — atmospheric audio recoding, read by Larry Moss
and with organ accompaniment (CD titled “Tales from the Tomb: Frightening Fables from the Darkside,”
Laserlight Digital) (included on the same recording is “Spirits of the Dead” and 8 selections of works
that are not by Poe)
“Le Corbeau” — dated 2009, but available in late 2008 —
Poèmes d‘Edgar Allan Poe, Paris: Publibook (translation by Jean Hautepierre)
and many others
Forgeries:
“The Raven” — T. O. Mabbott notes that “A ‘complete
manuscript’ reproduced in Muse Anthology of Modern Poetry (New York, 1939) is generally regarded as a recent
concoction” (Poems, 1969, p. 364). This manuscript is
different from the one in the Gimbel collection (Text-17 above), which is considered authentic, as well as the
forgery also in the same collection. The text most closely matches the Broadway Journal, including the
italicized “I” near the end of the fifth stanza, also present in all of the texts up to that point.
There is a long section in the book that bears the title “The Raven Manuscript,” but without ever
stating the location or owner of the manuscript reproduced, or providing any history of it, which is certainly
odd. In any case, the text does not match that as printed in the first version set in type, that of the
American Review, and thus cannot be the true original manuscript. Without a chain of ownership, it is
hard to evaluate the possibility that it was a later manuscript, perhaps created as an autograph as was the one
for Dr. Whitaker. The title is underlined once, there is no byline, and it is signed at the with the initials
“E. A. P.” It is not clear if the initials are supposedly part of the manuscript or an embellishment
for the sake of the facsimile. The facsimile itself is reproduced as a woodcut rather than photographically.
Consequently, the letters are thicker and heavier than they would presumably be on a manuscript, and there is no
way to evaluate the paper or the ink.
“The Raven” — (a forgery by Joseph Cosey, now in the Gimbel Collection,
Philadelphia Free Public Library) (This elaborate forgery contains the full poem, on five separate pages,
signed at the end “Respectfully Y r Ob t Ser t , Edgar A. Poe.”)
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Bibliography:
Anonymous, “The Croak of the Raven,” Times Literary Supplement, January 23,
1964, no. 3230, p. 6
Baker, Harry T., “Coleridge's Influence on Poe's Poetry,” Modern
Language Notes, March 1910, 25:94-99
Baudelaire, Charles, Baudelaire on Poe, translated and edited by Lois and Francis E.
Hyslop, Pennsylvania: Bald Eagle Press, 1952 (includes Baudelaire's preface to “The Raven”)
Bayless, Joy, “Another Rufus W. Griswold as a Critic of Poe,” American
Literature, March 1934, 6:69-72
Beidy, H. Alois, Mysterie of Poe's “The Raven,” New York: H. A. Beidy,
1956
Burch, Francis F., “Clement Mansfield Ingleby on Poe's ‘The Raven‘: An
Unpublished British Criticism,” American Literature, March 1963, 35:81-83
Caputi, Anthony, “The Refrain in Poe's Poetry,” American Literature,
May 1953, 25:169-178
Cargill, Oscar, “A New Source for Poe's ‘The Raven’,” American
Literature, November 1936, 8:291-294
Colton, Cullen B., “George Hooker Colton and the Publication of ‘The
Raven’,” American Literature, vol. X, no. 3, November 1938, pp. 319-330
Comeau, Robert C., “Reading Poe on Salary: Mark Twain's Use of ‘The
Raven,’ ‘Hop-Frog,’ and ‘William Wilson’ in ‘The Facts concerning the Recent
Carnival of Crime in Connecticut,” Southern Literary Journal, Fall 1996, 29:26-34
Cowell, James L. and Gary Spitzer, “ ‘Bartelby’ and ‘The Raven‘:
Parallels of the Irrational,” Georgia Review, 1969, 23:37-43
Courson, Della, “Poe and the Raven,” Education, May 1900, 20:566-570
Cuneo, Sherman A., “An Interesting Manuscript Find,” Bookman (New York),
vol. VII, no. 4, June 1898, pp. 289-296. (A few further details about the disposition of McKelly's collection
is provided in “American Manuscripts Found in Sandusky,” New York Times, June 11, 1898.)
Dameron, J. Lasley, “Another ‘Raven’ for Edgar Allan Poe,” Notes
& Queries, January 1963, 208:21-22
Farrant, Timothy and Alexadra Urakova, “From ‘The Raven’ to ‘Le
Cygne’: Birds, Transcendance, and the Uncanny in Poe and Baudelaire,” E. A. Poe Review, Vol.
15, no. 2, Autumn 2014, pp. 156-174.
Forsythe, Robert S., “Poe's ‘Nevermore‘: A Note,” American
Literature, January 1936, 7:439-452
Fussell, Edwin, “Poe's ‘Raven‘; or How to Concoct a Popular Poem from
Almost Nothing at All,” English Language Notes, September 1964, 2:36-39
Granger, Byrd Howell, “Devil Lore in ‘The Raven’,” Poe
Newsletter, December 1972, 5:25-26
Gravely, William H., Jr., “Christopher North and the Genesis of ‘The
Raven’,” Publications of the Modern Language Association, March 1951, 66:149-161
Green, Andrew, “Essays in Miniature: ‘The Raven’,” College
English, December 1942, 4:194
Green, George, “The Composition of ‘The Raven’,” Aberystwyth
Studies (Wales), 1932, 12:1-20
Griffis, William Elliot, “Behind the Mystery of Poe's ‘Raven’,”
New York Times Book Review, January 20, 1924, p. 2
Heartman, Charles F. and James R. Canny, A Bibliography of First Printings of the Writings
of Edgar Allan Poe, Hattiesburg, MS: The Book Farm, 1943.
Jackson, Joseph, “Poe's Signature to ‘The Raven’,” Sewanee
Review, July 1918, 26:272-275
Jones, Joseph, “ ‘The Raven’ and ‘The Raven‘: Another Source of
Poe's Poem,” American Literature, May 1958, 30:185-193
Kerlin, R. T., “Weiland and ‘The Raven’,” Modern Language
Notes, December 1916, 31:503-505
King, Clement, “Poe's ‘The Raven’,” Mentor, September
1922, 10:9
Lees, Daniel E., “An Early Model for Poe's ‘Raven’,” Papers on
Language and Literature, 1970, 6:92-95
Legler, Henry Edward, Poe's “The Raven”: Its Origins and Genesis: A
Compilation and Survey, Wausau, WI: Philosopher Press, 1907
Madigan, Thomas F., “Two Great American Manscripts,” Word Shadows of the Great:
the Lure of Autograph Collecting, New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1930, pp. 256-260.
Mabbott, Thomas Ollive, “First Publication of Poe's ‘Raven’,”
Bulletin of the New York Public Library, August 1943, 47:581-584
Mabbott, Thomas Ollive, “Poe's ‘The Raven‘: First Inclusion in a
Book,” Notes & Queries, October 9, 1943, 185:225
Mabbott, Thomas Ollive, ed., The Collected Works of Edgar Allan Poe (Vol 1
Poems), Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1969.
McCarthy, Kevin, “Another Source for ‘The Raven‘: Locke's Essay
Concerning Human Understanding,” Poe Newsletter, October 1968, 1:29
McVicker, Cecil Don, “Poe and ‘Anacreon‘: A Classical Influence on
‘The Raven’,” Poe Newsletter, October 1968, 1:29
Merivale, Patricia, “The Raven and the Bust of Pallas: Classical Artifacts and the
Gothic Tale,” PMLA, 1974, 89:960-990
Moore, John Robert, “Poe's Readings of Anne of Geirstein,” American
Literature, January 1951, 22:493-496
Morgan, Mrs. Edmund Nash, “The Poe Revival,” Book-Lover, March-April 1903,
4:53-56
Norstedt, George, “Prototype of ‘The Raven’,” North American
Review, December 1927, 224:692-701
Orvell, Miles D., “ ‘The Raven’ and the Chair,” Poe Newsletter,
December 1972, 5:54
Person, Leland S., Jr., “Poe's Composition of Philosophy: Reading and Writing The
Raven’,” Arizona Quarterly, 1990, 46:1-15
Richard, Claude, “Another Unknown Early Appearance of ‘The Raven’,”
Poe Newsletter, October 1968, 1:30
Routh, James, “Notes on the Sources of Poe's Poetry: Coleridge, Keats,
Shelley,” Modern Language Notes, March 1914, 29:72-75
Savoye, Jeffrey A., “Discarding the Literary Emporium,” Edgar Allan Poe
Review, Spring 2013, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 101-109 (This article gives a general history of the Literary
Emporium, with its very complicated publication history, and properly identifies the printing as merely
another unauthorized reprint.)
Stein, Allen F., “Another Source for ‘The Raven’,” American Notes
& Queries, 1971, 9:85-87
Steward, Charles D., “A Pilfering by Poe,” Atlantic Monthly, December 1958,
202:67-68
Tanselle, G. Thomas, “Two More Appearances of ‘The Raven’,” Papers
of the Bibliography Society of America, 2nd Quarter of 1963, 57:229-230
Tanselle, G. Thomas, “An Unknown Early Appearance of ‘The Raven’,”
Studies in Bibliography: Papers of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia, 1963,
16:220-223
Triplett, E. B., “A Note on Poe's ‘The Raven’,” American
Literature, November 1938, 10:339-341
Varnado, S. L., “Poe's Raven Lore: A Source Note,” American Notes &
Queries, 1968, 7:35-37
Weber, Jean-Paul, “Edgar Poe on the Theme of the Clock,” La Nouvelle Revue
Francais (August-September 1958), 68:301-311 and 69:498-508.
Whitty, James Howard, “The First and Last Publication of Poe's ‘The
Raven’,” Publishers Weekly, October 17, 1936, 130:1635
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[S:0 - JAS] - Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore - Works - Poems - The Raven